UNIT 9. Text: “Energy”.
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UNIT 9

 

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

 

heat, sound, radiant energy, nuclear energy, by virtue of, to equal, to increase, to reduce, translational, rotational, to revolve, X – rays, elastic, pressure, medium, to split apart, nuclear fission, fusion, longitudinal, transverse, wavelength

 

II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

 

Text: “Energy”.    

 

Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy (light, for example), and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.

Kinetic energy is possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion. It equals the work done to accelerate the object to a particular velocity; it also equals the work done to bring a moving object to rest. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational. The first is possessed by an object moving from one position to another. The second is possessed by rotating objects, which revolve about an axis and therefore periodically return to the same position.

An object has potential energy by virtue of its position. Two common types are gravitational and elastic potential energy.

An object possesses heat, or thermal, energy by virtue of its temperature. It is, in fact, merely a form of kinetic energy, because the temperature of a substance depends on the motion of its component atoms or molecules; the higher its temperature, the faster the molecules move.

Radiant energy consists of electromagnetic radiation and includes radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and X rays. The only form of energy that can exist in the absence of matter, it consists of a wave motion in electric and magnetic fields. Radiant energy is emitted when electrons within atoms fall from a higher to a lower energy level and release the “excess” energy as radiation.

Sound energy consists of moving waves of pressure in a medium such as air, water, or metal. They consist of vibrations in the molecules of the medium.

Matter that has gained or lost some electric charge has electrical energy. The movement of charges constitutes an electric current, which flows between two objects at different potentials when they are joined by a conductor.

Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion. It is stored in the chemical bonds between the atoms that make up the molecules of a substance.

Nuclear energy is produced when the nuclei of atoms change, either by splitting apart or joining together. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission, the joining together as nuclear fusion. Such changes can be accompanied by the release of enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat, light, and radioactivity (the emission of atomic particles or gamma radiation, or both).

When an object loses or gains one type of energy, another kind is correspondingly gained or lost. The total amount of energy, possessed by an object, remains the same. This phenomenon is the principle of conservation of energy, which states, that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only converted into other forms.

If mass and energy are considered together, the total amount of mass and energy remains the same. Consequently the principle of mass conservation has been modified into what is called the principle of conservation of mass-energy. The Theory of Relativity shows that mass and energy can be considered to be totally interconvertible, and the amount of energy produced, when matter is destroyed, is given by the well-known equation E = mc2 (E is the energy released, m is the mass destroyed, and c is the velocity of light).

The transmission of energy. Energy is often transmitted by wave motions, and for this reason the study of waves is of crucial importance in physics – from the wave mechanics of the atom to the study of gravitational waves produced by black holes. In general, a travelling wave is the movement of a disturbance from a source, and energy is transported as the disturbance moves outwards.

If the disturbance produced is parallel to the direction of energy travel, the wave is said to be longitudinal; sound waves are of this type. If the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of energy travel – as in electromagnetic radiation and waves on the surface of water – then the wave is transverse.

Four properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency, velocity, and amplitude.

 

III. Find a noun in each line and translate it. Translate also the underlined words.

 

a) Electric, heat, consist, undergo, transverse;

b) Frequency, normal, consequently, include, modify;

c) Interconvertible, possess, thermal, wavelength, define;

d) Longitudinal, mathematically, outwards, multiply, equation;

e) Disturbance, abnormal, merely, emit, enormous;

f) Accelerate, particular, rotational, axis, invisible;

g) Translation, revolve, periodically, uncommon, conductor.

 

IV. Practice the following speech patterns.

 

Pattern 1.  Energy is defined as the ability to do work.   

 

1. electron – a point electric change

2. plasma – the fourth state of matter

3. force – an agent that is capable of altering the state of rest or motion of an object

4. mass – the resistance of an object to any change of its state by the action of a force.

5. gravity – a force of the mutual attraction between objects that have mass

  

Pattern 2.  Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant, electrical, chemical and nuclear energy. 

 

1. physical science into several fields: mechanics, sound, heat, electricity, etc.

2. particles into several types: electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.

3. states of matter into several types: solid, liquid, gas, plasma

4. solids into two types: “true” and amorphous

5. substances in solution into two types: crystalloids and colloids

6. motion into different types: linear, circular and simple harmonic motion

 

Pattern 3.   The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translation and rotational.

 

1. the two branches of physics – experimental and theoretical physics

2. the four states of matter – solid, gas, liquid and plasma

3. the three principal types of forces – gravitational, friction and viscous forces

4. the two principal types of substances in solution – colloids and crystalloids

5. the two types of solids – “true” and amorphous

 

Pattern 4.  Kinetic energy is possessed by an object by virtue of its motion.

 

1. translational energy – its motion from one position to another

2. rotational energy – its revolution about an axis

3. potential energy – its position

4. heat energy – its temperature

5. electrical energy – its gaining or losing some electric charge

6. chemical energy – the chemical reaction

 

Pattern 5.  The study of waves is of crucial importance in physics.

 

1. gravity

2. particles

3. energy

4. states of matter

5. unusual states of matter

6. 7. solids

8. liquids

9. gasses                                                                             
 

V. Find the sentences that can’t be found in the text.

 

  1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy and electrical, chemical and nuclear energy.
  2. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translation and rotational.
  3. Elastic potential energy is gained as work is done to stretch or compress an elastic object such as a spring.
  4. Sound can be considered as a special form of kinetic energy.
  5. The total amount of energy possessed by an object remains the same.
  6. A whole series of similar energy conversions accompanies every production of work.
  7. Energy is often transmitted by wave motions, and for this reason the study of waves is of crucial importance in physics. 

 

VI. Find English equivalents in the text.

 

  1. энергия поступательного движения ____________________________
  2. энергия вращения ___________________________________________
  3. тепловая энергия ____________________________________________
  4. энергия излучения ___________________________________________
  5. электрическая энергия _______________________________________
  6. химическая энергия _________________________________________
  7. ядерная энергия _____________________________________________
  8. кинетическая энергия равна сделанной работе _________________
  9. энергия упругости ___________________________________________
  10. существовать при отсутствии материи _________________________
  11. испускают избыточную энергию в виде излучения ______________
  12. колебания в молекулах среды _________________________________
  13. приобретать или терять электрический заряд __________________
  14. электрический ток __________________________________________
  15. закон сохранения энергии ____________________________________
  16. количество произведённой энергии ___________________________
  17. перпендикулярно направлению ______________________________

 

VII. Find Russian equivalents to the following expressions in the text.

 

  1. the ability to do work ____________________________________________
  2. to classify energy _________________________________________________
  3. by virtue of its motion ___________________________________________
  4. to accelerate the object to a particular velocity ________________________
  5. the temperature depends on the motion ______________________________
  6. ultraviolet radiation _____________________________________________
  7. moving waves of pressure ________________________________________
  8. visible light ____________________________________________________
  9. the movement of charges _________________________________________
  10. nuclear fission __________________________________________________
  11. nuclear fusion __________________________________________________
  12. the emission of atomic particles ____________________________________
  13. the resulting motion _____________________________________________
  14. the movement of a disturbance from a source _________________________
  15. neither …nor ___________________________________________________
  16. either … or ____________________________________________________
  17. the wave is said to be longitudinal __________________________________
  18. the wave is transverse ____________________________________________

 

VIII. Fill in the missing words.

 

  1. Energy can be defined as the _____ to do work.
  2. Kinetic energy is possessed by a _____ object by virtue of its motion.
  3. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as _____ and _____.
  4. Radiant energy is ______ when electrons within atoms fall from a higher to a lower energy level and ______ the “excess” energy as radiation.
  5. Sound energy consists of moving waves of ______ in a medium such as air, water, or metal.
  6. The movement of charges constitutes an ______ ______, which flows between two objects at different potentials when they are joined by a ______.
  7. The splitting process is known as nuclear _____, the joining together as nuclear _______.
  8. In general a travelling wave is the movement of a ______ from a source and energy is transported as the disturbance moves ______.

 

IX. Fill in the prepositions, if necessary.

 

  1. Physicists classify energy ___ several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy, and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
  2. Kinetic energy is possessed ___ a moving object ___ virtue ___ its motion.
  3. The temperature ___ a substance depends ___ the motion ___ its component atoms or molecules.
  4. Sound energy consists ____ moving waves ___ pressure ___ a medium such as air, water, or metal.
  5. The movement ___ charges constitutes an electric current, which flows between two objects ___ different potentials when they are joined ___ a conductor.
  6. Chemical energy is possessed ___ substance that undergo ___ a chemical reaction, such as combustion.
  7. Such changes can be accompanied ___ the release ___ enormous amounts ___ energy ___ the form ___ heat, light, and radioactivity.
  8. Energy is often transmitted ___ wave motion, and ___ this reason the study ___ waves is ___ crucial importance ___ physics.
  9. ___ general, a travelling wave is the movement ___ a disturbance ___ a source.
  10. If the disturbance produced is parallel ___ the direction ___ energy travel, the wave is said to be longitudinal; sound waves are ___ this type.

 

X. Define whether the sentences are true or false.

 

  1. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational.
  2. An object has potential energy by virtue of its temperature.
  3. Radiant energy is the only form of energy that can exist in the absence of matter.
  4. Radiant energy is emitted when electrons within atoms rise from a lower to a higher energy level and release the “excess” energy as radiation.
  5. Matter that has gained or lost some electric charge has sound energy.
  6. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion.
  7. The splitting process is known as nuclear fusion.
  8. The total amount of energy possessed by an object remains the same.
  9. Three properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency and velocity.

 

XI. Answer the question.

 

  1. What is energy?
  2. What types of energy do you know?
  3. Is kinetic energy possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion?
  4. What forms have kinetic energy?
  5. What are two common types of potential energy?
  6. When is radiant energy emitted?
  7. What does sound energy consist of?
  8. When has matter electrical energy?
  9. What energy is released in chemical reactions?
  10. When is nuclear energy produced?
  11. What phenomenon is called the principle of conservation of energy?
  12. What does it state?
  13. What does the Theory of Relativity show?
  14. Why is the study of waves very important in physics?
  15. Can any properties of a wave be distinguished and described mathematically? 

 

XII. Put question to the following sentences.

 

  1. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. (General)
  2. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. (Special) 
  3. Kinetic energy equals the work done to accelerate the object to a particular velocity. (Disjunctive)
  4. An object possesses heat, or thermal energy by virtue of its temperature. (Special)
  5. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission. (Alternative)
  6.  The Theory of Relativity shows that mass and energy can be considered to be totally interconvertible. (Special)
  7. A travelling wave is the movement of a disturbance from a source. (What …)

 

XIII. Dictate the following sentences in English to your fellow-students. Check them together.

 

  1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
  2. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational.
  3. An object possesses heat, or thermal energy by virtue of its temperature.
  4. Radiant energy consists of electromagnetic radiation and includes radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and X-rays.
  5. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion.
  6. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission, the joining together as nuclear fusion.
  7. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only converted into other forms.
  8. Four properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency, velocity and amplitude.

 

XIV. Dictation-translation.

 

  1. Две основные формы кинетической энергии известны как энергия поступательного движения и энергия вращения.
  2. Тело обладает тепловой энергией благодаря своей температуре.
  3. Как единственная форма энергии, которая может существовать при отсутствии материи, лучистая энергия состоит из волнового движения в электрических и магнитных полях.
  4. Такие изменения могут сопровождаться выбросом огромного количества энергии в форме тепла, света и радиоактивности.
  5. Энергия часто передается волновым движением, и по этой причине изучение волн является крайне важным в физике – начиная от квантовой механики атома до изучения гравитационных волн, производимых чёрными дырами.
  6. Если возмущение перпендикулярно направлению движению энергии, как в электромагнитной радиации или волнах на поверхности воды – тогда волна является поперечной.