UNIT 3

 

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

 

physics, physicist, to concern, property, matter, various, substance, evidence, to compose, tiny, a particle, a molecule, to exert, a force, nucleus (nuclei), to interact, to be neglected, to be provided, charge

 

II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

 

Text: “The Nature of Matter.

The Basic Constituents of Matter.”

 

Physics is concerned with studying the properties of matter, forces, and energy and their various interactions. In trying to understand the behaviour of solids, liquids, and gases physicists regard substances in terms of their basic constituents.

Experimental evidence supports the idea that matter in all three possible phases is composed of tiny particles, called molecules, which are continuously in motion. For any given single substance, the molecules are identical in mass, structure, and other properties. All molecules in a substance exert a force on each other.

Molecules consist of groups of atoms, which themselves consist of electrons and nuclei. In solids and liquids, the molecules move relatively slowly and they therefore interact fairly strongly. But in the study of gases, the molecular force can often be neglected because the molecules are, on average, widely separated and interact relatively briefly. Despite the minuteness of molecules, evidence of their existence is provided by various phenomena, such as Brownian motion.

Just as substances can be broken down into molecules, molecules can be broken down into atoms. An atom is the smallest particle that can represent a particular chemical element.

There are three types of particles that can be considered as making up a typical atom. Central nucleus is comprised of neutrons and protons. The neutron is a particle with no electrical charge, whereas the proton has a single positive charge. Both have roughly the same mass. Circulating about this central region, held in orbit under the influence of the proton’s positive charge, are the electrons. These are subatomic particles, each with a single negative charge and an extremely small mass.

Electrons play a major role in determining the properties of the various elements.

 

III. Distribute the words into four columns and translate them.

 

Model:	What?	What kind of?	What to do?	How?
	use	useful	to use	usefully

 

relatively, evidence, various, fairly, particle, exert, neglect, roughly, motion, possible, minuteness, subatomic, interact, widely, phenomenon, misunderstand, substance, briefly, average, provide, compose, property, continuously, molecular, behavior, identical, nuclei, particular, influence, move, extremely

 

IV. Practice the following speech patterns.

 

Pattern 1.  Physics is concerned with studying the properties of matter.

 

1. the properties of forces 2. the properties of energy 3. the behaviour of solids 4. the behaviour of liquids

5. the behaviour of gases 6. the properties of plasma 7. physical phenomena 8. the molecular nature of matter

 

Pattern 2.  Matter is composed of tiny particles.

 

1. matter – molecules 2. a molecule – atoms 3. physics – two branches 4. an atom – electrons and nucleus

5. a substance – molecules 6. a chemical element – molecules 7. an atom – particles 8. the nucleus – neutrons and protons

 

Pattern 3.  In trying to understand the behaviour of solids physicists make experiments.

 

1. the behaviour of liquids 2. the behaviour of gases 3. the behaviour of natural phenomena 4. the nature of matter

5. atomic structure 6. the nature of the electron 7. the behaviour of particles 8. the properties of matter

 

V. Find the sentences that can’t be found in the text.

 

1. Physics is concerned with studying various phenomena in nature.
2. Matter in all three possible phases is composed of tiny particles called molecules.
3. Evidence of the existence of molecules is provided by various phenomena, such as Brownian motion.
4. Every substance or material can be divided into particles known as molecules.
5. Just as substances can be broken down into molecules, molecules can be broken down into atoms.
6. An atom is the smallest particle that can represent a particular chemical element.
7. In a stable atom, the total positive charge of the nucleus is equal to the total negative charge of the electrons.
8. The neutron is a particle with no electrical charge, whereas the proton has a single positive charge.

 

VI. Translate the following word combinations into Russian

 

1. evidence of the existence ______________________________________
2. three types of particles ________________________________________
3. the influence of the positive charge ______________________________
4. the properties of the element ___________________________________
5. a model of the atom__________________________________________

 

VII. Find English equivalents in the text:

 

1. различные взаимодействия ____________________________________
2. пытаясь понять ______________________________________________
3. материя во всех трех возможных состояниях ____________________
4. крошечные частицы __________________________________________
5. идентичны по массе, структуре и другим свойствам ______________
6. воздействовать силой _________________________________________
7. состоять из электронов и ядер _________________________________
8. в среднем ___________________________________________________
9. несмотря на недолговечность __________________________________
10. относительно медленно двигаться ______________________________
11. относительно коротко взаимодействовать _______________________
12. подтверждение существования _________________________________
13. представлять отдельно взятый химический элемент ______________
14. составлять типовой атом _______________________________________
15. отрицательный заряд __________________________________________
16. иметь приблизительно одинаковую массу ________________________
17. вращаясь вокруг центральной области ___________________________
18. под влиянием положительного заряда протона ____________________ 

 

VIII. Find Russian equivalents to the following expressions in the text:

 

1. the properties of matter, forces and energy ________________________
2. experimental evidence supports the idea __________________________
3. molecules exert a force _______________________________________
4. molecules are forced together __________________________________
5. interact fairly strongly ________________________________________
6. the force can be neglected _____________________________________
7. despite the minuteness of molecules _____________________________
8. substances can be broken down into molecules ____________________
9. a particular chemical element __________________________________
10. a particle with no electrical charge ______________________________
11. a single positive charge _______________________________________
12. a major role in determining the properties _________________________

 

IX. Fill in the missing words.

 

1. Physics is concerned with studying the ___ of matter, forces and energy.
2. Experimental ___ supports the idea that matter in all three phases is composed of ___, called molecules.
3. For any given single ___, the molecules are identical.
4. All molecules in a substance ___ a force on each other.
5. In solids and liquids, the molecules move ___ slowly and therefore they ___ fairly strongly.
6. Molecules can be broken down into ___.
7. The ___ is a particle with no electrical charge.

 

X. Fill in the prepositions, if necessary.

 

1. Physics is concerned ___ studying the properties of matter, forces and energy.
2. Molecules consist ___ groups ___ atoms
3. But ___ gases, the molecular force can be neglected.
4. Just as substances can be broken ___ ___ molecules, molecules can be broken ___ ___ atoms.
5. There are three types ___ particles that can be considered as making ___ a typical atom.
6. The neutron is a particle ___ no electrical charge.

 

XI. Define whether the sentences are true or false.

 

1. Physics is concerned with numbers, chemical reactions and different functions.
2. All molecules in an atom exert a force on each other.
3. Molecules consist of nothing. They are not dividable particles.
4. In solids and liquids, the molecules move relatively slowly.
5. An atom is the biggest particle that can represent a particular chemical element.
6. There are 6 types of particles that can be considered as making up a typical atom.
7. The neutron is a positively charged particle.
8. Proton is a particle with no electrical charge.

 

XII. Practice with someone asking and answering.

 

1. What is physics concerned with?
2. In what way do physicists regard substances?
3. What idea does experimental evidence support?
4. Are the molecules identical only in mass for any given single substance?
5. Do all molecules in a substance exert a force on each other?
6. What do molecules consist of?
7. How do the molecules move in solids and liquids?
8. Why can the molecular force often be neglected in the study of gases?
9. What provides evidence of the existence of molecules?
10. Into what constituents can molecules be broken down?
11. What is the smallest particle that can represent a particular chemical element?
12. How many types of particles are there, particles that can be considered as making up a typical atom?

 

XIII. Put questions to the following sentences.

 

1. All molecules in a substance exert a force on each other.   (General)
2. In solids and liquids, the molecules move relatively slowly.   (Special)
3. There are three types of particles.   (Disjunctive)
4. The neutron is a particle with no electrical charge.   (Special)
5. The proton has a single positive charge.   (Alternative)
6. Electrons play a major role in determining the properties of the various elements.   (General)
7. In the study of gases the molecular force is neglected.   (Special)

 

XIV. Dictate the following sentences in English to your fellow-students. Check them together.

 

1. Physics is concerned with studying the properties of matter, forces, and energy.
2. Physicists regard substances in terms of their basic constituents.
3. Matter is composed of tiny particles, called molecules.
4. Atoms consist of electrons and nuclei.
5. The existence of molecules is provided by various phenomena, such as Brownian motion.
6. There are three types of particles: electrons, neutrons and protons.
7. The neutron is a particle with no electrical charge.

 

XV. Dictation-translation.

 

1. Физика изучает свойства материи, сил и энергии.
2. Экспериментальные факты подтверждают идею, что материя состоит из мельчайших частиц, называемых молекулами.
3. Для любого данного вещества молекулы одинаковы по массе, структуре и другим свойствам.
4. Все молекулы вещества оказывают воздействие друг на друга.
5. В твердых телах и жидкостях молекулы движутся относительно медленно, а взаимодействуют достаточно сильно.
6. Доказательство существования молекул обеспечивается различными явлениями.
7. Также как вещество распадается на молекулы, молекулы распадаются на атомы.
8. Атом – это самая маленькая частица, которая может представлять конкретный химический элемент.
9. Центральное ядро состоит из нейтронов и протонов.
10. Электроны – это субатомные частицы, каждая из которых имеет единичный отрицательный заряд и очень маленькую массу.