UNIT 1

UNIT 1

Grammar:

Texts:

1. Verb «to be»: the Present Tense

2. «There is there are»

3. Have/ have got

4.Possessive adjectives

5. Countable and uncountable nouns

6. Articles

1. «Litter Is a Problem In Our Cities»

2. «Buckingham Palace»

3. «Meals in Britain»

4. «Here We Go»

Text One

Litter Is a Problem In Our Cities

Litter is garbage - like food, paper, and cans - on the ground or in the street. Where many people live together, litter is a problem. People don’t always put their garbage in the garbage can. It’s easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view.

Litter is a health problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.

Some people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and they sometimes work together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law punishes people who throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay a fine, and occasionally they go to jail.

Two famous sayings in the United States are: «Don’t be a litterbug!» and «Every litter bit hurts!»

Text Two

Buckingham Palace

The Palace. There are two addresses in London that the whole world knows. One is 10 Downing Street, where the Prime Minister lives. The other is Buckingham Palace. This famous palace, first built in 1703, is in the very centre of London. and politicians go to meet the Queen. Buckingham Palace is like a small town, with a police station, two post offices, a hospital, a bar, two sports clubs, a disco, a cinema, and a swimming pool. There are 600 rooms and three miles of red carpet. Two men work full-time to look after the 300 clocks. About 700 people work in the Palace.

The Queen’s Day. When the Queen gets up in the morning, seven people look after her. One starts her bath, one prepares her clothes, and one feeds the Royal dogs. She has eight or nine dogs, and they sleep in their own bedroom near the Queen’s bedroom. Two people bring her breakfast. She has coffee from Harrods, toast, and eggs. Every day for fifteen minutes, a piper plays Scottish music outside her room and the Queen reads The Times. Every Tuesday evening, she meets the Prime Minister. They talk about world news and have a drink, perhaps a gin and tonic or a whisky.

An Invitation to the Palace. When the Queen invites a lot of people for dinner, it takes three days to prepare the table and three days to do the washing-up. Everybody has five glasses: one for red wine, one for white wine, one for water, one for port, and one for liqueur. During the first and second courses, the Queen speaks to the person on her left and then she speaks to the person on her right for the rest of the meal. When the Queen finishes her food, everybody finishes, and it is time for the next course!

Text Three

Meals in Britain

A traditional English breakfast is a very big meal - sausages, bacon, eggs, tomatoes, mushrooms ... But nowadays many people just have cereal with milk and sugar, or toast with marmalade, jam, or honey. Marmalade and jam are not the same! Marmalade is made from oranges and jam is made from other fruit. The traditional breakfast drink is tea, which people have with cold milk. Some people have coffee, often instant coffee, which is made with just hot water.

For many people lunch is a quick meal. In cities there are a lot of sandwich bars, where office workers can choose the kind of bread they want - brown, white, or a roll - and then all sorts of salad and meat or fish to go in the sandwich.

‘Tea’ means two things. It is a drink and a meal! Some people have afternoon tea, with sandwiches, cakes, and, of course, a cup of tea.

The evening meal is the meal of the day for many people. They usually have it quite early, between 6.00 and 8.00, and often the whole family eats together.

On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch. They have roast meat, either beef, lamb, chicken, or pork, with potatoes, vegetables, and gravy. Gravy is a sauce made from the meat juices.

Text Four

Here We Go

Harold: London is a very interesting town, Nancy.

Nancy: Yes, it’s very interesting.

Harold: There’s a lot of traffic here.

Nancy: This is Regent Street, isn’t it?

Harold: Yes, you are right. This is Regent Street.

Nancy: Look, there’s a bus coming.

Harold: Yes, it’s a doubledecker. It’s a number 15.

Nancy: Look, Harold! What’s this?

Harold: Ah, it’s a Rolls Royce. That’s a very good car, Nancy.

Nancy: What’s that? Is it a police car?

Harold: Yes, it’s a police car. It’s going to Oxford Circus. Look at those girls! Are they English?

Nancy: No, they are Irish girls.

Harold: Well, they are very pretty.

Nancy: Harold?

Harold: Yes, Nancy?

Nancy: Where shall we go?

Harold: Let’s go to Trafalgar Square.

Nancy: That’s a good idea. Shall we go by bus?

Harold: No, let’s go by underground.

Nancy: All right, by underground. Where is the underground station?

Harold: There’s a station in Picadilly Circus.

Nancy: Let’s go.

Harold: Come on, then.

Nancy: Look out, Harold. A moped.

Harold: Yes, that’s a moped. But this is a bicycle.

Nancy: A bicycle in Regent Street! How funny!

Harold: A nice bell!

Nancy: Is it your bicycle, Harold?

Harold: No, it’s not my bicycle. Come on, Nancy.

Nancy: Here’s Picadilly Circus.

Harold: And there’s the underground station. Let’s go down. I’ll get the tickets.

Nancy: All right.

Harold: Trafalgar Square. That’s 6-pence. Come on, Nancy. This way.

Nancy: There’s a train coming. Bakerloo Line.

Harold: Yes, this train is going to Trafalgar Square. Let’s get in.

Nancy: Here we go.

Notes. Forms and Patterns.

1. Verb «to be»: the Present Simple

(a) Forms:

I am (I’m)

you are (you’re)

he is (he’s)

she is (she’s)

it is (it’s)

we are (we’re)

you are (you’re)

they are (they’re)

am I?

are you?

is he?

is she?

is it?

are we?

are you?

are they?

I am (I’m) not

you are not (aren’t)

he is not (isn’t)

she is not (isn’t)

it is not (isn’t)

we are not (aren’t)

you are not (aren’t)

they are not (aren’t)

e.g.	I’m sixteen. «Are you English?» - «Yes, I am». «Is it a police car?» - «Yes, it is». «It is Regent Street, isn’t it?» - «Yes, you are right.»

(b) Position of Adverbs of Frequency.

We put adverbs of frequency after the verb «to be».

e.g.	She is always late. They are never happy.

(с) Types of questions.

Buckingham Palace is a family house and an official residence of the Queen.

1. Is B.P. a family house?

2. Is B.P. a family house or an official residence of the Queen?

3. What is B.P.?

4. B.P. is a family house , isn’t it?

5. What palace is a family house and an official residence of the Queen?

2. «There is, there are»

(a) Forms:

there is (there’s)

there are (-)

is there?

are there?

there is not (isn’t)

there are not (aren’t)

e.g.	There’s a station in Picadilly Circus. There are two chairs in the hall. There’s some coffee on the table. Is there a lot of traffic in Regent Street? There aren’t enough garbage cans in the streets.

(b) Types of questions.

There is a station in Picadilly Circus.

1. Is there a station in Picadilly Circus?

2. Is there a station or a cinema in Picadilly Circus?

3. What is there in Picadilly Circus?

4. There is a station in Picadilly Circus, isn’t there?

3. «Have got» and «have».

(a) Forms:

(b) Meaning:

«Have got» means the same as «have» to talk about possession.

We often use «have got» in spoken English.

(с) Types of questions.

They have got a garage near their house.

1. Have they got a garage near their house?

2. Have they got a garage or a garden near their house?

3. What have they got near their house?

4. They have got a garage near their house, haven’t they?

5. Who has got a garage near the house?

4. Possessive adjectives.

5. Countable and uncountable nouns.

Some nouns are countable.

Some nouns are uncountable.

Some nouns are both!

e.g.

a book - two books

an egg - six eggs

bread

rice

Do you like ice-cream?

We’d like three ice-creams, please.

6. Articles.

a = indefinite article

the = definite article

no article

e.g.

1. She has a flat in London. (a = «one»)

Can I have a ham sandwich?

2. She’s a nurse. (jobs)

3. Can I have another cup of coffee? (another= an + other)

4. The flat (=her flat) is very nice.

The ham sandwich is horrible!

5. The Times (newspapers)

6. The Prime Minister, the Queen

7. People don’t always put their garbage in the

garbage can.

8. Things in general..

She has coffee from Harrods.(uncountable noun)

Books are expensive.

Do you like Chinese food?

9. There are two famous addresses in London. One

is 10 Downing St. The other is Buckingham

Palace.

10. Meals, places, transport.

I have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner.

I go/come home.

I go/come to school/ work/ bed/jail.

I go/come by train/ car/ bus/ taxi.

Drills

Drill 1. Is this a car?

Yes, it’s a car.
No, it’s not a car.

Is this a car?

Is this a bicycle?

Is this a moped?

Is this a police car?

Is this a double-decker?

10.

Is this a number 15?

Is this Regent Street?

Is this Trafalgar Square?

Is this a station?

Is this a Rolls Royce?

Drill 2. When is your birthday?

It’s on January the twenty-first.

Drill 3. How old are you?

I’m sixteen.

Drill 4. Are you an architect?

No, I’m not.

1. a doctor

2. a pilot

3. an engineer

4. a teacher

5. a housewife

6. a pupil

7. a photographer

8. a reporter

9. a nurse

10. a driver

Drill 5. Where is Bill Clinton from?

He’s from the USA. He is American.

1. Margaret Thatcher

2. Peter the First

3. Cindy Crowfford

4. Sofie Loren

5. Julio Eglesias

6. Michael Jackson

Drill 6. Is he happy?

Yes, he is always happy.

1. late

2. busy

3. funny

4. right

5. wrong

6. ill

7. tired

8. lazy

9. happy

10. hungry

11. thirsty

12. crazy

13. upset

14. bored

15. angry

Drill 7. Peter is cold, isn’t he?

Yes, he is. He is very cold.

1. Peter is hot, isn’t he?

2. Peter is hungry, isn’t he?

3. Peter is thirsty, isn’t he?

4. Peter is ill, isn’t he?

5. Peter is tired, isn’t he?

6. Peter is angry, isn’t he?

7. Peter is happy, isn’t he?

8. Peter is cold, isn’t he?

Drill 8. Are you cold?

No, I’m not. But you are cold, aren’t you?

1. Are you hot?

2. Are you hungry?

3. Are you thirsty?

4. Are you ill?

5. Are you tired?

6. Are you angry?

7. Are you happy?

8. Are you cold?

Drill 9. A. It is time to begin.

Is it time to begin?

1. This is Unit One.

2. It is time to study.

3. Litter is garbage.

4. Litter is ugly.

5. Litter is a health problem/

6. It is a family house.

7. It is time to begin the lesson.

8. London is a very interesting town.

9. It’s a Rolls Royce.

10. They are Irish girls.

11. They are very pretty.

12. It is a police car.

13. It’s a doubledecker.

14. It’s a number 15.

15. It’s a bicycle.

16. That’s a good idea.

B. There is a lot of traffic here.

Is there a lot of traffic here?

1. There’s a bus coming.

2. There’s a station in Picadilly Circus.

3. There’s a bicycle in Regent Street.

4. There’s a doubledecker in Oxford Street.

5. There’s a police car in Trafalgar Square.

6. There’s a moped in Regent Street.

Drill 10. That’s your bicycle, and this is my bicycle.

1. book

2. pen

3. moped

4. car

5. friend

6. bus

7. street

8. ticket

Drill 11. Is this my bicycle?

Yes, that’s your bicycle.

1. friend

2. car

3. bicycle

4. moped

5. book

6. ticket

7. bus 9. fence

8. garbage can 10. street

Drill 12. A. Whose book is this? (my)

It’s my book.

1. Whose car is this? (his)

2. Whose dictionary is this? (yours)

3. Whose chair is this? (my)

4. Whose bicycle is this? (her)

5. Whose dog is this? (our)

6. Whose moped is this? (his)

7. Whose house is this? (their)

B. That’s my pen.

It’s mine

1. That’s your table. It’s ..... .

2. That’s his exercise book. It’s ..... .

3. That’s my car. It’s ..... .

4. That’s their cat. It’s ..... .

5. That’s his taxi. It’s ..... .

6. That’s your book. It’s ..... .

7. That’s our flat. It’s ..... .

Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises

Exercise 1. (Text 1). Answer the questions with a sentence from the text.

1. Is litter a problem in our cities?

2. Is litter ugly?

3. Are papers difficult to catch?

4. Is a fence sometimes a wall of garbage?

5. Is litter against the law?

6. Do people always put their garbage in the garbage cans?

7. Does litter make the city look ugly?

8. Does litter spoil the view?

9. Does the wind blows papers far away?

10. Do food and garbage bring animals?

11. Do animals sometimes carry disease?

12. Do people want to control litter?

13. Does the law punish litter bugs?

14. Do they usually pay a fine?

Exercise 2. (Text 2)

A. Are the sentences true or false?

a. The Palace is more than two hundred years old.

b. It is famous because it is in the centre of London.

c. The same person starts the Queen’s bath, prepares her clothes, and feeds the dogs.

d. The dogs sleep in the Queen’s bedroom.

e. The Queen and the Prime Minister go out for a drink on Tuesday nights.

B. Answer the questions.

a. «Buckingham Palace is two places, not one». How?

b. Why is it like a small town?

c. Are there a lot of clocks?

d. How many dogs does the Queen have?

e. What newspaper does she read?

f. What sort of music does the piper play?

g. Why do people have five glasses on the table?

h. Who does the Queen speak to during a meal?

i. What happens when the Queen finishes her food?

Exercise 3. (Text 3). Are the sentences true or false? Correct the false sentences.

1. Many British people have a big breakfast.

2. People often have cereal or toast for breakfast.

3. Marmalade is different from jam.

4. People drink tea with hot milk.

5. All British people have a hot lunch.

6. British people eat dinner late in the evening.

7. Sunday lunch is a special meal.

Exercise 4. (Text 4). Answer the questions:

1. Is London a very interesting town?

2. Where are Harold and Nancy?

3. What car is it? Is it a Rolls Royce?

4. Is Rolls Royce a very good car?

5. Is it a good idea to go to Trafalgar Square?

Exercise 5. Dictation - translation.

А:

В:

С:

1. Мусор - это отходы, такие как еда, бумага, консервные банки - на земле и на улице.

2. Люди не всегда бросают мусор в мусорный контейнер.

3. Легче бросить бумажку, чем найти мусорный контейнер для нее.

4. Пища и отходы собирают животных, которые переносят болезни.

5. Закон наказывает тех людей, которые бросают мусор на улицах.

6. Они обычно платят штраф.

7. Есть два адреса в Лондоне, которые знает весь мир.

8. Этот знаменитый дворец, впервые построенный в 1703, находится в самом центре Лондона.

9. Именно сюда приезжают президенты, короли и политики, чтобы встретиться с Королевой.

10. Букингемский дворец напоминает маленький город с полицейским участком, двумя почтовыми отделениями, больницей, баром, двумя спортивными клубами, дискотекой, кинотеатром и плавательным бассейном.

11. Когда Королева встает утром, семь человек прислуживают ей.

12. У нее восемь или девять собак, и они спят в своей собственной спальне рядом со спальней Королевы.

13. Когда Королева приглашает много людей на обед, требуется три дня, чтобы накрыть стол, и три дня, чтобы убрать со стола (помыть посуду).

14. Когда подают первое и второе блюда, Королева разговаривает с человеком, который сидит от нее слева, и затем остальную часть обеда она разговаривает с человеком, который сидит справа от нее.

15. Когда Королева заканчивает еду, заканчивают все, и наступает время подавать следующее блюдо.

16. Традиционный английский завтрак - очень обильный: сосиски, бекон, яйца, помидоры, грибы.

17. Но сегодня многие люди просто на завтрак едят кашу с сахаром и молоком и тосты с джемом или медом.

18. Традиционно на завтрак подается чай, который пьют с холодным молоком.

19. Некоторые пьют кофе, часто растворимый кофе, который готовится просто с добавлением горячей воды..

20. В городах есть много баров, где подают бутерброды и где служащие могут выбрать хлеб, который им нравится - черный, белый или булочку - и тот салат или мясо или рыбу для бутерброда.

21. Некоторые люди пьют чай после полудня с бутербродами и кусочками торта.

22. Ужинают обычно довольно рано, между шестью и восемью часами, и вся семья собирается за ужином вместе.

23. По воскресеньям многие семьи традиционно обедают вместе.

24. На обед обычно подают жареное мясо - говядина, свинина или мясо птицы - с картофелем, овощами и соусом.

Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Rewrite the sentences using «he, she, we or they».

Laura is from the USA.
She’s from the USA.

1. Laura is from the USA.

2. Adam is from Britain.

3. Paolo and Bruno are from Italy.

4. Lydia and I are from Brazil.

5. Yvette is from France.

6. Hans and Steffi are from Germany.

7. Pacido is from Spain.

8. Bernard and I are from Switzerland.

9. Maria is from Portugal.

10. Mr. Osoko is from Japan.

11. My children are quite intelligent.

12. You and your brother are engineers, aren’t you?

13. Mr and Mrs Carter are American.

14. My father and I are fair.

15. Eric is very slim.

Exercise 2. Write the full form of the words.

1. it’s

2. isn’t

3. we’re

4. they’re

5. aren’t

6. I’m English

7. She’s American.

8. He’s from Oxford.

Exercise 3. Use the right verb: «is - are - isn’t - aren’t».

1. Is litter on the ground? Yes, it ..... .

2. Are those garbage cans? Yes, they ..... .

3. Is litter beautiful? No, it ..... .

4. Is litter against the law in most places? Yes, it ..... .

5. Are Harold and Nancy in Trafalgar Square? No, they ..... .

6. Are they English? No, they ..... .

7. Is it a police car? Yes, it ..... .

Exercise 4. Put in «I, you, he, she, am, ‘m, are, ‘re, is or ‘s».

1. George is Swiss. ..... is from Geneva.

2. «Mrs Alexander isn’t English.» - No? Where’s ..... from?»

3. «Are you American?» - «Yes, I .....».

4. «What do ..... do?» - «.....’m a doctor».

5. «..... you married?» - «Yes, I .....».

6. «What ..... your name?» - «Charles».

7. «..... your name Alice?» - «No, it ...n’t».

8. «What does Mary do?» - «..... ..... a shop assistant».

Exercise 5. Separate the two stories.

Alice is sixteen.

Steve is twenty.

His surname is Berczuk; it’s a Ukrainian name.

She is a student from Aberdeen, in Scotland.

Her surname is Mac Allen.

He’s an artist, so his job is interesting.

He is from Australia, but now he is both British and Australian.

Mac Allen is a Scottish name, not an English name.

Alice lives at 6. Menzies Way.

He is from Sydney.

His address in London is 113 Beech Road, NW 2.

She is not very well today.

Alice	Steve
Alice is sixteen.	Steve is twenty.

Exercise 6. Put in «his, her, their, is, are».

1. Monica and ..... mother .... both doctors. 2. Philippe ..... French, and ..... wife ..... German. 3. Joyce Price ..... a photographer, and ..... brother ..... an accountant. 4. My sister and I ..... American, but our grandparents ..... Greek. 5. Sonia ..... a doctor, and ..... mother is a doctor too. 6. Henry’s mother ..... a shop assistant. ..... name is Lucy. 7. George and Karen ..... British; ..... daughter ..... married to an American. 8. Alice and Bill ..... doctors, and ..... son is a medical student. 9. What ..... your brother’s name? 10. «John and Mathew ..... brothers.» - «What ..... surname?»

Exercise 7. Make questions.

your friend/ a policeman

Is your friend a policeman?

1. they / American

2. his father / English

3. Alice / married

4. your and your wife / British

5. John and Polly / doctors

6. Susan / pretty

7. Eric’s girlfriend / tall

8. your secretary / good-looking

9. your name / Sam Lewis

10. your boyfriend’s name / Peter

Exercise 8. Choose «there is» or «there are» to fill in the blanks in the sentences below.

1. ........ some milk on the table.

2. ........ three students outside.

3. ........ a bus coming.

4. ........ lots of people at the meeting.

5. ........ a house on top of the hill.

6. ........ water in the glass.

7. ........ some news in the paper.

8. ........ a lot of traffic in Regent Street.

9. ........ apples on the tree.

10. ...... an underground station in Picadilly Circus.

Exercise 9. Rewrite the sentences, using the correct form of «have got».

e.g.	She has a dog. ------ She’s got a dog. She doesn’t have a cat. ------ She hasn’t got a cat.

1. I don’t have a car. I have a bike.

2. ‘Do you have a dog?’ - ‘Yes, I do.’

3. He has a motorbike. He doesn’t have a car.

4. They have a flat. They don’t have a house.

5. ‘Do you have any brothers?’ - ‘Yes, I do.’

6. ‘Does he have a computer?’ - ‘No, he doesn’t.’

7. ‘Does she have a new job?’ - Yes, she does.’

8. ‘Does he have a new camera?’ - ‘No, he doesn’t.’

9. We don’t have much money. They have a lot.

Exercise 10. Put «do/ does» or «have/ has» into the gaps.

1. ‘..... you got the time, please?’ - ‘Yes, it’s nearly four o’clock.’

2. ‘..... he have any children?’ - ‘Yes, one daughter.’

3. ‘How many brothers and sisters ..... you got?’ - ‘Two brothers.’

4. ‘..... they have an old house?’ - ‘Yes, much older than mine.’

5. ‘..... she got a big flat?’ - ‘Yes, much bigger than ours.’

6. ‘..... you live near here?’ - ‘Yes, I ..... .»

7. ‘..... your mother work in the bank?’ - ‘Yes, she ..... .’

Exercise 11. Add «a», «an», «the» where necessary.

1. Where many people live together, ... litter is ... problem.

2. It’s easier to drop ... paper than to find ... garbage can for it.

3. ... wind blows papers far away.

4. ... law punishes people who throw ... garbage on ... streets.

5. They usually pay ... fine, and occasionally they go to ... jail.

6. Buckingham Palace is ... family house where ... children play and grow up.

7. About 700 people work in ... Palace.

8. Buckingham Palace has ... police station, ...two post offices, ... hospital, ... bar, ... two sports clubs, ... disco, ... cinema, and ... swimming pool.

9. When ... Queen gets up in the morning, seven people look after her.

10. Every Tuesday evening, she meets ... Prime Minister.

11. A traditional English breakfast is ... very big meal - ... sausages, ... bacon, ... eggs, ... tomatoes, mushrooms.

12. But nowadays many people just have ... cereal with ... milk and ... sugar, or toast with ... marmalade, ... jam or ... honey.

13. ... traditional breakfast drink is ... tea, which ... people have with ... cold milk.

14. Shall we go by ... bus? - No, let’s go by ... underground.

15. There’s ... station in ... Picadilly Circus.

Exercise 12. Add «a», «an», «the» where necessary.

1. ... cigarette is made of ... tobacco and ... paper.

2. We make ... butter and ... cheese from ... milk.

3. ... coffee is ... drink.

4. We can write ... letter on ... paper.

5. ... child must have ... food.

6. ... sugar is nice in ... cup of ... tea.

7. I like ... jam on ... piece of ... bread.

8. ... table has four legs.

9. ... postman has just put ... letter under ... door.

10. Mary wants ... doll with blue eyes.

11. He is ... reporter. She is ... nurse.

12. Don’t eat in this restaurant. ... food is awful.

13. They have two holiday homes, one in ... mountains and ... other at ... seaside.

14. ... room is really tiny. We have to stand on ... bed to close ... door.

15. ... Prime Minister is to make ... speech tomorrow.

Exercise 13. Write sentences from the words in brackets.

Write «a» or «an» where necessary.

1. my brother / is / artist.

2. it’s / beautiful day / today.

3. Britain / is / industrial country.

4. it’s / very / difficult question.

5. salt / is not / expensive.

6. I / have got / very good idea.

7. don’t / sit / on / floor.

Exercise 14. Translate from Russian into English.

1. У меня есть друг. Его зовут Ник. Нику девятнадцать лет.

2. У моего друга есть сестра. Ее имя Энн. Ей пять лет.

3. Это мой велосипед? - Да, это твой велосипед.

4. Это полицейская машина? - Да.

5. Когда у тебя день рождения? - 20 февраля.

6. Питеру всегда скучно.

7. Кен болен, не правда ли? - Да, он очень болен.

8. Пора начинать урок.

9. Эти девушки - американки.

10. Прекрасная идея! Пойдем! Сюда, пожалуйста!

11. На Пикадилли Сэкас есть станция метро.

12. А вот и автобус.

13. Чей это адрес? - Это мой адрес.

14. Чей это кофе? - Мой.

15. На Риджент Стрит большое уличное движение.

16. Можно мне еще одну чашку кофе?