ВАРИАНТ IV
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы текста.
How the Calendar Came about
The word “calendar” has been derived from the Latin “calends”, the day of the new moon and the first day of the ancient Roman month. The calendar now in use throughout the world is called the Gregorian calendar; it was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in the 16th century.
Though in early days a calendar was required primarily for religious observance, it was used for civil purposes as well. Unlike modern man, who uses artificial time intervals, primitive man utilized the cycle of recurring natural phenomena, the most obvious and most precise of which were the alternation of night and day and phases of the moon. Other less precise but naturally recurring phenomena were also made use of for calendar purposes, e.g. the sprouting of leaves, the coming of the rains, etc. Longer periods of time were often marked off by the number of harvests, the number of winters or some other occurrences. Thus a child who had lived through ten harvests or ten snows was ten years old.
Primitive man was intrigued by various celestial phenomena which displayed themselves in the clear night skies. He had recognized stars long before he invented written records. Principal stars were grouped into patterns which men identified with familiar animals or with the gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines and creatures of mythology. Since the appearance of the predominant constellations coincided with the natural phenomena, it was possible to trace the path of the moon and that of the sun through the sky. Those constellations were visible just after sunset, so primitive man naturally watched them as he rose with the dawn and “went to bed” at sundown. The risings and settings of stars allowed him to derive the position of the sun among the stars and thus a calendrical year was ultimately obtained.
The height to which the sun rose above the horizon at midday was carefully observed by men and finally it was noticed that the sun was above the horizon for the longest period at midsummer. The shadows which were cast by trees were used by primitive civilizations to measure the altitudes of the sun. In such a way the seasons were discerned.
______________________________________
phenomenon [fi’no:min'n], pl. phenomena
crecent – полумесяц
predominant – преобладающий
constelation – созвездие
approximation – приближение
celestial –
II. Пользуясь текстом, найдите и запишите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
Григорианский календарь; явление природы; соблюдение религиозных праздников; смена дня и ночи; мифологические существа; главные созвездия; различать времена года; в отличие от современного человека; отождествлять с … .
III. Пользуясь текстом, найдите и запишите слова:
a) близкие по значению: aim, route, event, exact, different, mainly, evidently, to show, to puzzle;
b) противоположные по смыслу: coward, late, unfamiliar, invisible, disappear.
IV. Письменно закончите предложения, пользуясь текстом.
1. The Gregorian calendar was ….. .
2. Primitive man utilized ….. .
3. Thus a child who ….. .
4. Primitive man was intrigued by ….. .
5. Principal stars were grouped into ….. .
6. Since the appearance of the predominant constellations coincided with the natural phenomena, it ….. .
7. Those constellations were visible just ….. .
8. The risings and settings of stars allowed him to ….. .
9. The height to which the sun rose above the horizon at midday was ….. .
10. The shadows which were cast by trees were ….. .
V. Пользуясь текстом, ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1. What is the origin of the word “calendar”?
2. What calendar is used now throughout the world?
3. What did primitive man utilize to discern time divisions?
4. What celestial bodies could primitive man observe in the sky?
5. What did people identify principal stars with?
6. In what way were the seasons discerned?
VI. Напишите по-английски:
11 марта 1951 года, 36480 студентов, параграф третий, около 13 000 учеников.
VII. Заполните пропуски возвратными местоимениями, подходящими по смыслу.
1. She stretched ….. out on the sofa.
2. Here’s the money, go and buy ….. an ice cream.
3. The town ….. was so small that it didn’t have a bank.
4. He had promised ….. a summer holiday abroad.
5. The children ….. did most of the work for the school play.
VIII. Переведите следующие предложения на родной язык, обращая внимание на конструкцию it is … that.
1. It is our district that he lives in.
2. That is Modern History of Russia which was my favourite subject at school.
3. It was after he had returned from Moscow that I told him the news.
4. It was in 1970 that I met him.
5. It was the primitive human herd that possessed the simplest tools: a handaxe, a digging stock and a wooden club.
IX. Употребите правильную форму глагола в придаточных предложениях времени и условия. Предложения переведите.
1. As soon as you (come) home, I'll phone you.
2. If it rains we (stay) at home.
3. We'll go out when it (stop) raining.
4. When you (be) in London again, you must come and see us.
5. We must do something soon before it (be) too late.
X. Используйте нужную форму действительного или страдательного залога. Предложения переведите.
1. Our University often (visit) by foreign delegations.
2. I hope we (invite) to the conference.
3. Professor Brown seldom (examine) their group.
4. In the 1st century B.C. the armies of Rome (control) by military commanders rather than by consuls and the Senate.
5. The Roman nobility (come) into being together with the appearance of classes.
6. Eight days later elections (hold) to the Council of the Commune.
XI. Переведите следующие предложения из прямой речи в косвенную.
1. Rachel said: “I’ve been chosen to run a new office in Madrid.”
2. He said: “I don’t have much time to enjoy myself.”
3. She said: “I have to get back to work now.”
4. He asked me: “Where will Simon be staying?”
5. He advised her: “Don’t tell anybody what happened.”
XII. Подчеркните инфинитивные обороты в следующих предложениях, укажите их вид. Предложения переведите. Образец:
He wanted me to come on Sunday. me to come – объектный инфинитивный оборот.
Он хотел, чтобы я пришел в воскресенье.
1. He wishes the work to be done at once.
2. He is known to be writing a new novel.
3. I’ve brought two books for my son to read.
4. She appeared to know several foreign languages.
5. We saw the guests enter the house.
XIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие инфинитив. Определите его форму. Предложения переведите. Образец:
She gave him some water to drink.
to drink – the Infinitive Indefinite Active
Она дала ему попить воды.
XIV. Выпишите из текста предложения в страдательном залоге. Определите
время и переведите предложения на родной язык. Образец:
The work has not been finished yet.
Has not been finished – Present Perfect Passive
Работа еще не закончена.
Test 4
Опровергните следующие утверждения или согласитесь с ними.
Начните свое высказывание следующими выражениями:
You are quite right… You are mistaken… Quite agree with you… On the contrary.
1. The word “calendar” has been derived from Greek “calens”.
2. The calendar now in use throughout the world is called the Gregorian calendar.
3. In early days a calendar was required primarily for religious observance, it was never used for civil purposes.
4. Primitive man utilized the cycle of recurring natural phenomena.
5. Primitive man was intrigued by various celestial phenomena which displayed themselves in the clear night skies.
6. Since the appearance of the predominant constellations coincided with the natural phenomena, it was impossible to trace the path of the moon and that of the sun through the sky.
7. The risings and settings of stars allowed primitive man to derive the position of the sun among the stars.