ВАРИАНТ I
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Polybius and Rome’s Eastern Policy
“Who,” Polybius asks, “is so worthless and so indolent as not to want to know by what means and under what constitution system the Romans in less than 53 years have succeeded in subjecting nearly the whole inhabited world to the sole government – a thing unique in history?”
It is perhaps not unfair to judge a historian by the degree of success he attains in tackling his main theme. If that seems a reasonable proposition, we may ask ourselves: Does Polybius in fact offer a satisfactory answer to the question he has raised?
From one point of view it is, of course, quite obvious that if he had given an answer1 that was entirely satisfactory to everybody, generations of later historians from the Roman annalists onward would not have occupied their time2 furnishing alternative explanations. There are several reasons why Polybius has committed himself to an interpretation of Roman policy which is inconsistent with the detailed narrative which his honesty and sincerity have led him to write. In the first place, Polybius was also a Greek and he therefore began with the assumptions a Greek would naturally make about the normal tendency of imperial states to expand.
But there are some shortcomings in his views. On the one hand, a disposition to arrange events in a schematic form – one-sided concept of cause which he produces in explanation of the outbreak of various wars – on the other – his conviction that the rise of Rome was a transcendental affair. But a history is not necessarily the worse because it is sustained by a conviction that it reveals a purpose; and perhaps without Demetrius of Phalerum and Polybius’ belief that he had witnessed the unfolding of a superhuman plan there would have been no Histories – certainly no Histories in the form we have them today. At least we can congratulate ourselves that the dichotomy in his thought and writing is so clear to detect and the detailed events can tell their own story independently of the author’s views about the purpose of Providence.
Despite the contradictions in his thought, we are left with the truism that Polybius’ narrative still remains the essential basis for any reconstruction of Roman policy during these critical years.
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1if he had given an answer – если бы он дал ответ
2would not have occupied their time – не занимали бы свое время
II. Найдите в тексте и запишите английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:
Быть никчемным, никудышним; единоличное правление; справедливо судить, оценивать; предложить убедительный (удовлетворительный) ответ; с одной точки зрения; поколения историков, которые жили позже; летописец; более строгий критерий; взять на себя обязательства; правдивость и искренность; скрывать чьи-то недостатки; с одной стороны … с другой стороны; одностороннее понятие; независимо от взглядов автора; существенный (отправной) пункт.
III. Пользуясь текстом, закончите письменно следующие предложения:
1. Polybius wrote his most important book about ….. .
2. The main problem Polybius discussed was ….. .
3. It is not unfair to judge a historian by ….. .
4. If he had given a satisfactory answer ….. .
5. Polybius was a Greek and began with the assumptions ….. .
6. Polybius himself is a more serious problem ….. .
7. We can congratulate ourselves that ….. .
IV. Напишите вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. Polybius himself is a more serious problem. (К подлежащему)
2. There are several reasons why Polybius has committed himself to an interpretation of Roman policy. (Разделительный)
3. But a history is not necessarily the worse because it is sustained by a conviction that it reveals a purpose. (Why …?)
4. Polybius’ narrative still remains the essential basis for any reconstruction of Roman policy during these critical years. (Альтернативный, общий)
V. Напишите по-английски:
9 октября 1947 года, 1325 учеников, вторая страница, более 1 500 000 человек.
VI. Заполните пропуски возвратными местоимениями, подходящими по смыслу.
1. But Polybius ….. is a more serious problem.
2. At least we can congratulate ….. that the dichotomy in his thought and writing is so clear to detect.
3. He defended ….. bravely.
4. If you want more to eat, help ….. .
VII. Употребите глаголы в скобках в нужном времени.
1. He (write) the letter by five o’clock tomorrow.
2. Two men tried to sell a painting that (steal).
3. She had owned this painting since 1926, when it (give) to her as a wedding present.
4. We (read) this book this year.
5. We (send) the letter before we learnt the news.
6. The college stadium and the swimming pool still (build) when I started my sports life.
7. We were watching TV while the children (play) in the garden.
VIII. Поставьте сказуемые придаточного предложения в нужной форме, учитывая правила согласования времен. Предложения переведите.
1. Ancient people thought that God (divide) people into rich and poor.
2. The Tatar khans were afraid that they (lose) their power over Russian.
3. Athenians believed that any citizen (be capable) of holding public office.
4. Pompey had never expected before that Caesar soon (become) his enemy.
5. The Senate told Pompey that it (be) his duty to preserve Rome.
IX. Переведите следующие предложения из прямой речи в косвенную.
1. Rachel said: “I’m going to work in Spain next year.”
2. He said: “I’m their marketing manager.”
3. She said: “The company has opened an office in Barcelona.”
4. He asked me: “Where were you last night?”
5. He advised her: “Don’t eat too much.”
X. Употребите правильную форму глагола в придаточных предложениях времени и условия. Предложения переведите.
1. As soon as we (get) tickets, we’ll send them to you.
2. I will be working when Mary (arrive).
3. They (understand) it all right if you explain it to them.
4. She will spend Sundays in the garden unless the weather (be) awful.
5. If Tom (pass) his exams successfully, his parents will give him a bicycle.
XI. Подчеркните инфинитивные обороты в следующих предложениях, укажите их вид. Предложения переведите. Образец:
I expect him to come here. him to come –
объектный инфинитивный оборот.
Я ожидаю, что он придет сюда.
1. He appears to have taken my keys.
2. I waited for him to speak.
3. They advised us not to wait around too long.
4. They seem to be living at home now.
5. We invited Maria to visit us in England.
Test 1
Опровергните следующие утверждения или согласитесь с ними.
Начните свое высказывание следующими выражениями:
You are quite right… You are mistaken… Quite agree with you… On the contrary.
1. It is not unfair to judge a historian by the degree of success he attains in tacking his main theme.
2. Generations of later historians from the Roman annalists onward would not have occupied their time furnishing alternative explanations.
3. There are no reasons at all why Polybius has committed himself to an interpretation of Roman policy.
4. His thought and writing is rather vague to detect.
5. The detailed events can’t tell their own story dependently of the author’s views about the purpose of Providence.