UNIT 2

INTRODUCTION INTO SOCIOLOGY

 

Read the text and say what sociology studies.

Sociology is one of the social sciences. It occupies a prime posi­tion among a group of these sciences or disciplines, which include also anthropology, economics and political sciences.

The subject-matter of sociology is behaviour of people as social beings. Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and socie­ties. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analy­sis of everyday happenings with people in the street up to the investiga­tion of global social processes.

Among the aims of sociology there are such as: discovering the basic structure of human society, identifying the main forces that hold groups together or weaken them, learning what conditions transform social life.

And still in the world there are different approaches to sociology. For some people sociology is the scientific study of society and social behaviour. For others it is a guide for ordinary people to understand what is happening to them and how their social world operates. Both approaches are to be considered actual and interdependent at the present historical moment. A common sense question "so what?"¹ should be used by a sociologist who is taking part in a research.

Almost everyone has some specialized knowledge of a social situation: a family, a work setting or a life style. The sociologist is respectful of this common sense knowledge and often depends on it. However, in the majority of cases it can be fragmentary and uncritical. Sociological research is to be more critical and more systematic. It is quite evident that for this reason soci­ology must often go beyond the categories of everyday life and must invent new categories to interpret events and experiences in a fresh light.

In order to understand how people behave and how they change it is always necessary to see it as a part of a broader social process. That is why sociologists closely study social context which helps a lot in interpreting things.

Sociology studies men and groups in action. The acting person is a specific human being who pursues goals, interprets experience, re­sponds to opportunities and confronts difficulties.

The sociological emphasis on context and action points out to the concreteness of human experience. There is no abstract being called man, there are only particular persons who live their own lives in his­torical time. Awareness of plurality is essential for sociology. It studies the general and the particular, the abstract and the concrete.

Human interaction is another focus of sociology. A human being always interacts with his social environment. From his setting he derives aspirations, competencies, satisfactions, anxieties and social identity.

 

Text-based Activities

 

Ex 1. Choose the right word.

1. Sociology is one of the... sciences.

a) precise b) social c) natural

2. There is no... being called man.

a) theoretical b) historical c) abstract

3. Sociological study... close analysis of the sources of change.

a) has b) become c) involves

4. The sociologist is respectful of the...

a) advice b) news c) common-sense knowledge

5. A human being always interacts with his social...

a) process b) environment c) action

 

Ex 2. Complete the sentences. 

1. Sociology studies... . 2. Sociological study involves close anal­ysis of... . 3. To study the social context it is... . 4. Sociological research tries to be more critical and... . 5. The subject-matter of sociology is... .

 

Ex 3. Insert the right word.

Sociology, social, sociological, society, sciences

1. A human being always interacts with his ... environment.

2. ... studies men and groups in action.

3. ... study involves close analysis of the sources of change.

4. The aim of sociology is to discover the basic structure of human ... .

5. Sociology is one of the social ... .

 

Ex. 4. Mark the statements as true or false.

1. To understand how people behave the social context must be closely observed.

2. Sociology never goes beyond the categories of everyday life.

3. Some aspects of society are well-known to most people.

4. Sociology studies animals and plants in action.

5. Awareness of plurality is essential for sociology.

6. Sociology is a probing discipline.

 

Ex 5. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What kind of science is sociology?

2. Who is respectful of common-sense knowledge of a social situation?

3. What can be said about an abstract man?

4. To understand how people behave and how they change, the social context must be closely observed, mustn't it?

 

Ex 6. Match the beginnings (1-13) and ends of the sentences (a-m):

1. Sociology is ...

2. It occupies a prime position among...

3. The subject-matter of sociology is ...

4. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ...

5. The aims of sociology are ...

6. According to one approach to sociology, ...

7. As for another approach, ...

8. A sociologist who is taking part in a research ...

9. Almost everyone has ...

10. Sociological research is to be ...

11. Sociology must often go beyond  .

12. To understand how people behave, ...

13. The acting person is a ...

 

a) ...sociology is a guide for ordinary people to understand what is happening to them and how their social world operates.

b) ...specific human being who pursues goals, interprets experi­ence, responds to opportunities and confronts difficulties.

c) ranging from the analysis of everyday happenings with people in the street up to the investigation of global social processes.

d) ...one of the social sciences.

e) the social context must be closely observed. 

f) ... such social disciplines as anthropology, economics and polit­ical sciences.

g) behaviour of people as social beings, human social life, groups and societies, social context, men and groups in action, human interac­tion, etc.

h) should use a common sense question "so what?".

i) it is the scientific study of society and social behaviour.

j) to discover the basic structure of human society, to identify the main forces that hold groups together or weaken them, to learn what conditions transform social life.

k) everyday life categories and must invent new categories to in­terpret events in a fresh light.

l) some specialized knowledge of a social situation: a family, a work setting or a life style.

m) more critical and more systematic.

 

Ex 7. Fill in the following chart: 

Sociology as one of the social sciences
The subject-matter of sociology
The aims of the science
Approaches to sociology

 

Ex 8. Make a short summary of the text.

 

Text 2

Sociology

 

Warm-up. Recall the answers to the following questions (from the previous text):

1. What sort of science is sociology?

2. What does it study?

3. What are its aims?

4. What approaches to sociology do you know?

 

Pre-Reading Activities

 

Ex. 1. Pay attention to the usage of the following structure:

It is Peter who helps me with my English. - Именно (только) Петр помогает мне по английскому языку.

It is in 1990 that I met him. - Как раз в 1990 году я его и встретил.

 

Use the special construction and make the words in bold type emphatic:

 

Model.

I met him in Moscow in 1990. It was in 1990 that I met him. It was in Moscow that I met him. It was he whom I met in Moscow in 1990.

 

1. Last year his friend took up history as his future speciality.

2. My teacher advised me to enter the History Faculty when I was leaving school.

3. The country was proclaimed a republic as a result of the revo­lution.

4. I have a special liking for ethnography.

5. We passed over to the study of ancient Greece after we were through with the study of ancient Rome.

6. She did not attend classes because she was taken ill

7. In two years I am going to major in ancient languages.

 

Ex 2. Study the usage of the adjectives 'former' and 'latter':

Two specialists were invited: Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith. The former is an engineer, the latter is an economist. - Были приглашены два специалиста: г-н Браун и г-н Смит. Первый - инженер, второй -экономист.

 

Make the right choice:

1. I've got two brothers, Paul and Peter. The (former, latter) is an engineer and lives in the North, the (former, latter) is a teacher who lives in the Crimea.

2. Mrs. Johnson introduced her two sons. The (former, latter) worked as an accountant, the (former, latter) was a tailor.

 

Ex. 3. Read out:

a) the words denoting social sciences;

b) the words denoting scientists:

Aim, goal, sociology, science, anthropology, sociologists, analy­sis, to pursue, historians, cucumbers, potatoes, psychologists, econo­my, purpose, tomatoes, political scientists, an engineer, society, human society, economists, criminologists, political views, plumber, anthro­pologists, anthropology, behaviour, criminology, tests, methods, research, political science, the past, history

 

Ex 4. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1. What did the first sociologists study?

2. What do all the social sciences study?

3. What is the aim of sociologists?

The name sociology was first suggested in the 1830s by the French philosopher Auguste Comte, but for many years it remained² only a suggestion. Comte urged³ others to study sociology. It was not until late in the 19^th century that we can identify people who called them­selves sociologists and whose work contributed⁴ to the development of the field. Among these were Herbert Spencer in England who pub­lished the first of his three-volume "Principles of Sociology" in 1876 and Ferdinand Tonnies in Germany. A decade⁵ later, Emile Durkheim published "Suicide". The first sociologists studied moral statistics. Their work proved so popular that it led to the rapid expansion⁶ of census questions. However, sociology as an academic speciality was imported from Germany. The progressive uncovering of social causes of individual behaviour - in response to the questions raised by moral statistics - produced the field called sociology. 

Sociology is one of the related fields known as the social sciences. They share the same subject matter: human behaviour. But sociology is the study of social relations, and its primary subject matter is the group, not the individual. There is a close connection between sociolo­gy and other disciplines such as psychology, economy, anthropology, criminology, political science, and history. But sociologists differ from psychologists because they are not concerned exclusively with the indi­vidual, they are interested in what goes on between people. They differ from economists by being less interested in commercial exchanges; they are interested in the exchange of intangibles⁷ such as love and affection⁸. Sociologists differ from anthropologists primarily because the latter spe­cialize in the study of proliferate⁹ and primitive human groups, while sociologists are interested in modern industrial societies. Criminologists specialize in illegal behaviour, while sociologists are concerned with the whole range of human behaviour. Similarly, political scientists focus on political organization and activity, while sociologists survey all social organizations. Finally, sociologists share with historians an interest in the past but are equally interested in the present and the future.

Sociology is a broader discipline than the other social sciences. In a sense, the purpose of sociologists is, in general, to find the connec­tions that unite various social sciences into a comprehensive, integrated science of society. Sociology consists of two major fields of knowl­edge: micro sociology and macro sociology. Micro sociologists study the patterns and processes of face-to-face interaction between humans. Macro sociologists attempt to explain the fundamental patterns and processes of large-scale¹⁰ social relations. They concentrate on larger groups, even on whole societies. Sociologists attempt to use research to discover if certain statements about social life are correct. The basic tools¹¹ of their research are tests, questionnaires¹², interviews, surveys¹³, and public opinion polls¹⁴.

 

Text-based Activities

 

Ex 1. Answer the following questions:

1. Who was the first to suggest the name sociology?

2. Who were the first sociologists?

3. What were they mainly interested in?

4. What country was sociology as an academic discipline imported from?

5. What is the subject-matter of sociology?

6. What other disciplines is sociology closely connected with?

7. What differs sociology from psychology and anthropology?

8. What is the goal of sociologists?

9. What fields of knowledge does sociology consist of?

10. What are the basic tools of sociological research?

 

Ex 2. Explain the difference concerning the subject-matter be­tween:

a) sociology and economy;

b) sociology and criminology;

c) sociology and history.

 

Ex. 3. Prove by the facts that:

1. Sociology is a social science.

2. Sociology is a broader discipline than the other social sciences.

3. Sociology is made up of micro sociology and macro sociology.

 

Ex 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

To concern, a concern, concerning

1. He was greatly concerned with the latest sociological research.

2. In their conversation they concerned a great number of vital problems.

3. His main concern was sociology.

4. They talked much concerning the main points of his report.

5. She was concerned with the problem of social relations at the high level of the society's development. 

 

Sociologists Economists Anthropologists Criminologists Political scientists Historians

are concerned with are interested in study

social institutions social relations the individual group properties commercial exchanges primitive human groups group types group classification social groups illegal behaviour modern industrial societies the past political organization and activity

 

Follow-up Activities

 

Ex. 1. Speak on:

1. The origin of sociology. 

2. Its subject-matter.

3. Differences and similarities of sociology and other social sciences.

4. Major fields of sociology.

5. Basic sociological research methods.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Past Forms. The Article

Past Simple

A.

 

Ex.1. Read a sentence about the present and then write a sen­tence about the past.

Pattern: Granny usually gets up at 6.30. Yesterday she got up at 6.30.

 

1. Granny usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning_____________

2. Granny usually walks in the garden. Yesterday_________________

3. Granny usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday____________

4. Granny usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening________

5. Granny usually sleeps very well. Yesterday____________________

 

Ex. 2. Put one of these verbs in each sentence:

hurt, teach, spend, sell, throw, fall, catch, buy, cost

Pattern: I was thirsty, so I bought apple juice in the shop.

 

1. My father______ me how to drive when I was 17.

2. James_______ down the stairs and___________ his leg.

3. We needed some money so we____________ our summer house.

4. They___________ a lot of money yesterday.

5. They_______ a dish washer which_______ 1000 rubles.

6. The boy__________ the ball to the dog and the dog___________ it.

 

Ex 3. Write questions. A friend has just come back from Italy and you are asking him about it.

Pattern: What place/go? What place did you go to?

The weather/fine? Was the weather fine?

 

1. how long/stay there?_____________

2. stay in a hotel?________________

3. go alone?____________________

4. how/travel?__________________

5. the food/good?________________

6. what/do in the evenings?_________

7. make any friends there?_________

 

Ex 4. Circle the correct form.

Pattern:  I break /broke a cup yesterday.

Ann did not play/ hasn't played tennis this morning.

 

1. Harry work / worked last Sunday.

2. I didn't know / knew where I was.

3. I didn't feel / felt well last night.

4. Ann come / came to see us at the weekend.

5. I didn't see / saw Bill at the party.

6. Peter didn't write / wrote to me for a long time.

7. The train did not arrive / arrives on time.

8. Mary didn't like / likes / liked her teacher.

 

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences with affirmative(+) or negative (-) verbs.

Pattern: I didn't break this window, but (the other one +) I broke the other one.

I worked last week, but (the week before-) I didn't work the week before.

 

1. He didn't change his trousers, but (his shirt +)__________________

2. She answered the first question, but (the others -)_______________

3. He phoned her, but (go to her house -)_______________________

4. I didn't bring any flowers, but (some chocolates +)______________

5. She didn't buy a coat, but (a very nice dress +)_________________

6. I ate the vegetables, but (the meat -)_________________________

7. We kept the photos, but (the letters -)________________________

8. They didn't speak English, but (German +)____________________

9. My grandfather shaved on weekdays, but (at weekends -)________

 

Ex 6. Make sentences using the prompts below as in the example.

1. Olivia's room is clean now. (clean it/an hour ago) She cleaned it an hour ago.

2. Helen isn't watching TV. (turn it off/half an hour ago)

3. Steve doesn't go to the gym any more. (stop/six months ago)

4. Mary is eating the cake. (bake it half an hour ago)

5. Kim is having a party today. (arrange it/two weeks ago)

6. Rob doesn't live here any more. (move/three days ago)

7. Peter's house is tidy. (tidy it/two hours ago)

 

Ex 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple. 

A. Lesley 1) bought (buy) her house two month ago. It is a beauti­ful cottage in the countryside However, when Lesley 2) (decide) to buy it, it 3) (need) a lot of work. First, she 4) (decorate) all the rooms. Then, she 5) (plant) lots of flowers in the garden. After that, she 6) (make) new curtains for all the windows. When it was ready she 7) (move) in. That was last week. Now, Lesley is very happy.

B. Claude Monet 1) was (be) a famous artist. He 2) (paint) lots of beautiful pictures in his lifetime. He often 3) (take) his paints and I a canvas into the countryside. He 4) (love) to paint trees and rivers during the different seasons of the year. Monet 5) (create) a new kind of art called Impressionism. He 6) (die) in 1926, but many people still visit museums and galleries to look at his pictures.

 

Ex. 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple.

Ferdinand Magellan 1) was (be) a Portuguese sailor who 2) (want) to sail around the world. Emperor Charles V of Spain 3) (give) him five ships and two hundred and sixty-five Spanish sailor. They 4) (leave) Spain on 20^th September, 1519 and 5) (begin) their long and dangerous journey.

On the Journey, Magellan 6) (discover) the Pacific Ocean. Unfor­tunately, he and many of the sailors 7) (die) in a battle on 27^th April, 1521. After that, a Spanish sailor 8) (take) control of the ships and 9) (set off) to complete the voyage. Only one ship and sixteen men 10) (survive) the journey. They 11) (arrive) back in Spain on 6^th September, 1522. They 12) (be) the first men to sail around the world.

 

Ex. 9. Read the text in ex 7 again and, in pairs, ask and answer questions as in the examples.

1) Ferdinand Magellan / be / a Portuguese sailor?

SA: Was Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese sailor?

SB: Yes, he was.

2) the Emperor of Spain / give him / fifteen ships?

SA: Did the Emperor of Spain give him fifteen ships?

SB: No, he didn't. He gave him five ships.

3) they / leave / Spain /1619?

4) he journey / be / long and dangerous?

5) Magellan / discover / the Pacific Ocean?

6) Magellan / die / with soldiers / in battle?

7) a Spanish sailor / complete / voyage?

8) the remaining ship / reach / Spain / 1523?

 

B.

 

Ex 1. Which is correct - А, В or both?

Pattern:

A. I have lost your address. A. John has broke a window.

В. I lost your address. В. John broke a window.

 

1. A. The rain stopped. В. The rain has stopped.

2. A. You've never visited me in hospital. В. You never visited me in hospital.

3. A. I didn't know the answer. В. I didn't knew the answer.

4. A. Where did everybody go? В. Where everybody went?

5. A. When John and his family did arrive? В. When did John and his family arrive?

6. A. Who said that? В. Who did say that?

7. A. At ten o'clock last night I read. В. At ten o'clock last night I was reading.

8. A. When I saw John, he was playing tennis. В. When I saw John, he played tennis.

9. A. When Ann came home, John was cooking supper. В. When Ann came home, John cooked supper.

 

Ex. 2. Choose the correct answer.

1. Jacques Cousteau B the oceans.

A. explores В. explored С. is exploring

2. Toby ... a bicycle, but now he drives a car.

A. is riding В. used to ride С. rides

3. I ... an interesting book at the moment.

A. don't read В. read С. am reading

4. He ... home early yesterday because he felt ill.

A. went В. is going С. used to go

5. Mr. Jones ... but he does now.

A. used to travel В. didn't use to travel С. travelled

6. I ... a noise, so I went to see what it was.

A. heard В. hear С. am hearing

7. Bobby . how to use a computer at present.

A. learnt В. is learning С. learns

8. My parents ... to a party tonight.

A. used to go В. goes С. are going

9. The ferry boat ... every day at quarter past two.

A. leaves В. leave С. is leaving

10. I ... getting up early in the morning.

A. likes В. don't like С. doesn't like

 

10. I accepted their point of view.

 

Ex 5. Change the following sentences into an interrogative form:

Pattern: He rejected her point of view.

Did he reject her point of view?

 

1. I obtained certain conclusions.

2. He applied a new way of thinking.

3. She accepted his approach.

4. We presented our position.

5. They interviewed a series of the subjects.

6. She made a great contribution to this research.

7. He achieved new results.

8. They displayed good knowledge of this problem.

9. We described a new method in detail.

10. She introduced new elements into her experiment.

 

Ex 6. Ask questions starting with "when".

Pattern:  He described this phenomenon last year.

When did he describe this phenomenon?

 

1. They applied the new approach last Monday.

2. He came to this conclusion yesterday.

3. She obtained interesting results after her investigation.

4. I settled this question in the evening.

5. He observed her behaviour after testing.

6. They interviewed a group of students before the classes.

7. She achieved a certain step in her observation last week.

8. We studied their behaviour in the process of the experiment.

9. He worked out a new approach last month.

10. They investigated the sense-data last year.

 

Ex. 7. Ask questions starting with "where".

Pattern: She introduced new elements into the experiment.

Where did she introduce new elements?

 

1. They achieved good knowledge in psychology.

2. He obtained new data in the laboratory.

3. We got various results in the investigation.

4. She applied his approach to this problem in her inquiry.

5. I used the method of discrimination in my report.

6. They presented the new material in their paper.

7. He introduced new testing at the plant.

8. We asked a lot of questions at the office.

9. She made a great contribution to psychology.

10. He carried out a survey in this region.

 

C.

 

Ex 1. Complete these sentences with affirmative (+) verbs, ques­tions (?) or negatives (-).

Pattern: She didn't feel well last night, but (OK this morning +) she felt OK this morning.

I bought a new coat yesterday. (shoes?) Did you buy shoes?

We saw the Eiffel Tower, but (see Notre Dame). We didn't see Notre Dame.

 

1. I didn't learn much French at school, but (a lot of Latin +)

2. I remembered to buy the bread, but (the milk -)

3. I spoke to Ann's father, but (her mother -)

4. Peter didn't phone yesterday. (this morning ?)

5. I didn't take the bus to London; (the train +)

6. I know you went to Singapore, but (Malaysia ?)

7. The train stopped at Edinburgh, but (Glasgow -)

8. Did the children see a film? (two films +)

9. I ate your cake. (my chocolates?)

 

Ex. 2. Make simple past questions

Pattern: Ann and her brother went to Beijing. Where did Ann and her brother go?

 

1. Sarah and her baby came out of hospital this morning. When...

2. Peter's friends from the office gave him a bicycle. Why ...

3. The small woman with long hair said something. What...

4. The children bought something. What...

5. Somebody left a bicycle in the garden. Who...

6. Something fell off the table. What...

7. Bill found a cat in his office. Who...

 

 

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

 

A-B.

 

Ex. 1. Read the sentences below and correct those which are wrong.

Pattern: Have you written to Barry Lane yet?

Bernard Shaw has written the play Pygmalion.

 

1. Newton has been an English physicist.______________

2. Oh, you have come just in time. We're beginning in a mo­ment.             

3. Who has invented telephone?_____________

4. Have you heard? Paul bought a new car!____________

5. Oh, I broke my pencil. Can you lend me yours?____________

6. My great-grandfather travelled to India once.______________

 

Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect simple.

1. A. I went (go) to the new gym yesterday.

B. It's good, isn't it? I ... (go) there a few times.

2. A. ... (you/write) to Simon lately?

B. Yes, I ... (write) him a letter last week.

3. A. How long ... (you/be) married?

B. Only six months. I ... (get) married last December.

4. A. I ... (not/see) Sam for a long time.

B. Really? I ... (see) him yesterday at the swimming pool.

5. A. ... (you/type) the report yet?

B. Yes, I ... (finish) it half an hour ago.

6. A. Mary ... (know) Steve for six years.

B. When ... (they/meet)?

7. A. ... (you/ever/play) rugby?

B. When they ... (be) at university together.

8. A. James ... (write) a new book last year.

B. I know. I ... (read) some great reviews about it in the newspaper.

 

Ex 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the past simple.

A. Hello, Billy. I 1) haven't seen (not/see) you for a long time.

B. Yes, I 2) ... (be) very busy recently.

A. Really? Tell me what you 3) ... (do) since we last 4) ... (see) each other.

B. Well, I 5) ... (get) my degree last month and then I 6) ... (move) house.

A. When  7) ... (you/move)?

B. Last week, but I  8) ... (not/unpack) everything yet.

A. I 9) ... (phone) you on Tuesday but there 10) ... (be) no answer.

B. I 11) ... (be) busy at my new house then.

A. Never mind, I only 12) ... (want) to invite you to a party next week at my house.

B. Great! Thank you.

 

Ex. 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the past simple.

1. Mr. and Mrs. Patel won (win) two free tickets to Paris in a TV show last week.

2. First, Robert (brush) his teeth, then he (go) to bed.

3. "(you/ever/see) a lion?" "Yes, I saw one when I (go) to Kenya in 1996".

4. I (not/see) my family for two years.

5. "Where's John?" "He ... (go) fishing for the day with his father".

6. My sister ... (not/play) the violin since she was twelve.

7. I ... (already/see) this film. Let's watch something else.

8. Last week, Fred ... (fall) off a ladder and ... (break) his army.

9. I ... (never/hear) such a moving song before.

10. Jennifer ... (always/want) to get Harrison Ford's autograph.

 

Ex. 5. Correct the mistakes.

1. We have bought a new sofa last month.

2. Jim lives in Germany for three years.

3. My father has went fishing.

4. She is just moved house.

5. We have eaten lunch at one o'clock.

6. Sophie has do her homework.

7. Ann and Tim have got married ten years ago.

8. I am at school since nine o'clock.

 

C.

 

Ex 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the present perfect.

1. A: Do you know that man?

B: Oh yes. He's a very good friend of mine. I 1) 've known (know) him for about ten years.

A: I think I 2) (meet) him at a business meeting last month.

2. A. Mum 1) (lose) her purse.

B: Where 2) (she/lose) it?

A: At the supermarket while she was shopping.

3. A: Who was on the telephone?

B: It 1) (be) Jane.

A: Who is Jane?

B: Someone who 2) (work) in my office for a few years. She's got a new job now, though.

4. A: Who is your favourite singer?

B: Freddie Mercury. He 1) (have) a wonderful voice.

A: Yes, I agree. He 2) (enjoy) performing live, too.

 

Ex. 2. Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones which are wrong.

Pattern:

Have you heard? Suzanne has got married! The Chinese have invented printing.

RIGHT WRONG - invented

 

1. Who has written the play Hamlet?____________

2. Aristotle has-been a Greek philosopher.________________

3. Wow! I've cut my finger. It's bleeding.______________

4. Look at George! He had a haircut.______________

5. My grandparents got married in London._______________

6. Einstein was the physicist who has-developed the theory of relativity.

 

Ex 3. In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form, present perfect (I have done) or past simple (I did).

Pattern: I have lost (lose) my key. I can't find it anywhere.

Did you see (you/see) the film on television last night?

 

1. Jill__________ (buy) a new cat two weeks ago.

2. His hair is very short. He_________________ (have) a haircut.

3. Last night I________________ (arrive) home at half past twelve. I_________ (have) a both and then I________ (go) to bed.

4._________ (you/visit) many museums when you were in Paris?

5. My bicycle isn't here any more. Somebody____________ (take) it.

6. When__________ (you/give) up smoking?

7. I__________ (not/eat) anything yesterday because I____________ (not/feel) hungry.

8. Why_________ (Jim/not/want) to play tennis last Friday?

9. The car looks very clean___________________ (you/wash) it?

10. Brian: Hello, Susan. Is Alan here?

Susan: No, I'm afraid he___________ (go) out.

Brian: Oh, what a pity! When exactly_____________ (he/go) out?

Susan: About ten minutes ago.

 

Ex 4. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the Past Indefinite or the Present Perfect Tense.

1. In the morning, coming down the stairs. - Rosemary (see) Tony (lying) in the sitting room. "What you do here?" "I (sleep) here". "I am sorry we (take) your room". 2. He's a night watch-man. He works at night and (sleep) in the daytime. It's noon now, and he still (sleep). 3. I first (meet) Richard a month ago, and I (meet) him several times since then. 4. I. usually (go) to bed before midnight. 5. I (sit) here all night and I swear I (not/doze) for a moment. 6. What's your brother doing? -He (play) tennis with our neighbour, they (play) it every day. 7. He wants to buy a car, but first he must learn how to drive, so he (take) driving lessons. 8. I (write) to my parents a fortnight ago, but I've not had a reply, so I just (write) again. 9. "Where is my daughter?" "She (talk) to a policeman". "What (happen)?" "She (drive) without a li­cense". 10. It's 3 p.m. and he (not/eat) anything today, but he (eat) a good dinner last night. 11. Is Mary ready to come out? - No, she still (dress). 12. I (read) this book several times. I first (read) it in 1990. 13. He often (read) detective stories; he (read) a very good one now. 14. She (not/have) a holiday since 1996, but she (have) a very long holiday in 1995. 15. "We (stay) here for nearly a week". "I hope you (not/think) of leaving".

 

Past Continuous

 

A.

 

Ex. 1. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm rang. Use the words in brackets to make sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.

Pattern: (Don/have/a bath) Don was having a bath.

 

1. (Ann/write/a letter in her room) Ann_________________________

2. (George/get/ready to go out) George_________________________

3. (Carol and Denies/have/dinner) Carol and Denies_______________

4. (Tom/make/a phone call) Tom_____________________________

 

Ex. 2. Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

Pattern: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang (ring).

 

1. George (fall) off the ladder while he (paint) the ceiling.

2. Last night I (read) in bed when suddenly I (hear) a scream.

3. (you/watch) television when I phoned you?

4. Ann (wait) for me when I (arrive).

5. I (not/drive) very fast when the accident (happen).

6. I (break) a plate last night. I (do) the washing-up when it (slip) out of my hand.

7. Tom (take) a photograph of me while I (not/look).

8. We (not/go) out because it (rain).

9. What (you/do) at this time yesterday?

10. I (see) Carol at the party. She (wear) a really beautiful dress.

 

 

Past Continuous vs. Past Simple

 

A-B.

 

Ex 1. Simple past or past progressive?

Pattern: I lived / was living in France for eight years. lived

Sue lived / was living in France when her uncle died. was living

 

1. At 6.15, when you phoned, I had / was having a shower.

2. We watched / were watching TV all evening.

3. Bill watched / was watching TV when Ann came in.

4. My father worked / was working hard all his life.

5. They got married while they studied I were studying at London University.

6. Yesterday we drove / were driving from Oxford to Edinburgh and back.

7. It was a nice evening, so she walked I was walking home from work.

 

Ex. 2. Put in the simple past or the past progressive.

Pattern: While I was walking down the road, I saw Bill. (walk; see)

 

1. While I ... the newspaper, the cat ... on to the table. (read; jump)

2. Alan ... Helen while he ... in Morocco. (meet; travel)

3. Sally ... her leg while she ....(break; ski)

4. While I     somebody ... my car. (shop; steal)

 

Ex 3. Put in the correct tense (simple past or past continuous).

Pattern: When I went out, it was raining.(rain)

When Mary got home, she made tea. (make)

 

1. When I saw John, he ... (shop).

2. When John saw me, he ... (stop).

3. When we asked, they ... "No". (say)

4. When I walked in, they ... (talk).

5. When I dropped the glass, it ... (break).

6. When I phoned him, he ... (work).

 

Ex. 4. Put in simple past or past progressive verbs.

Pattern: They told the police that they were playing cards at 10.00. (tell; play)

 

1. When I________ out of the house I took my umbrella because it________ (go; rain).

2. This morning I________ the newspaper before I went out. (read)

3. __________ you_________ the football match last night? (watch)

4. When I______ into the room they______ about clothes. (walk; talk)

5. At 8 o'clock yesterday morning I_________ in the sea. (swim)

 

Ex 5. Answer the questions using when and the verb of the sub­ordinate clause in the past cont.

Pattern: When did she meet Helen? (walk along the street)

She met Helen when she was walking along the street.

 

1. When did you catch that cold? (skate on a frosty day)

2. When did he write those nice poems? (have a holiday)

3. When did she learn the language? (live in England)

4. When did she hear that song? (listen to the concert on the radio)

5. When did you buy that book? (read up for my exams)

6. When did the boy hurt himself? (ride the bicycle)

7. When did Philip lose his camera? (walk about the city)

8. When did he ring you up? (have supper)

 

Ex 6. Put the verbs into the correct form, the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

Pattern: While Sean was finishing (finish) the letter, the night fell (fall).

 

1. Dan (fall) off the tree while he (rescue) the cat.

2. Last night (read) in the bed when suddenly I (hear) a voice downstairs.

3. (you/have) a bath when I phoned you?

4. They (wait) for a taxi when I (arrive).

5. I (not/drive) very fast when I (see) her.

6. I (break) a plate last night. I (do) the washing-up.

7. Bob (take) a nap while I (paint) a ceiling.

8. We (not/go) out because it (get) dark..

9. What (you/do) at this time yesterday?

10. We (see) Amanda in the gallery. She (wear) her new necklace.

 

Ex 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple.

1. We went (go) swimming every week when we were young.

2. Simon (dance) when he fell and hurt his leg.

3. Why (you/laugh) all through your history lesson yesterday?

4. I (drink) a glass of milk every day when I was a child.

5. Todd often (ride) horses when he was a boy.

6. Bill (write) a letter when his mother came home.

7. I (rain) while I was waiting for the bus.

8. I (play) the guitar when I was young, but I don't any more.

9. Debbie (sing) in the school choir many years ago.

10. Liz (clean) the windows when I saw her.

 

Ex 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple 

A. Steve 1) had (have) an accident yesterday. He 2) ... (drive) his car when a bird 3) ... (fly) into the windscreen. He 4) ... (try) to stop quickly but he 5) ... (crash) into a wall. Luckily, he 6) ... (not/be) hurt.

B. Last week, I 1) ... (go) to a talk by a famous writer. He 2) ... (talk) about his new book when I 3) ... (arrive). He 4) ... (give) such an interesting talk that I 5) ... (be) disappointed when it 6) ... (end).

C. Julie 1) ... (tidy) her bedroom last weekend. While she 2) ... (tidy) it, she 3) ... (find) some of the toys she 4) ... (have) when she was a child. She 5) ... (not/want) to throw them away, so she 6) ... (put) them in a box and 7) ... (store) them in the attic.

 

Ex. 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple. Then, put the pictures in the right order.

It 1) was (be) a beautiful spring morning when Emma and her father 2) ... (decide) to visit Seaton Castle. The sun 3) ... (shine) and the birds 4) ... (sing). Emma 5) ... (feel) very excited. The castle 6) ... (be) very old and made of stone. They 7) ... (climb) the steps to the top of the tower. While they 8) ... (admire) the view, they 9) ... (hear) some noises. They 10) ... (look) around but they 11) ... (not/see) anybody. "That's funny", said Emma. "I 12) ... (think) I 13) ... (see) someone standing over there". After a while they 14)... (decide) to visit the cellar of the castle. Emma 15) ... (examine) an old barrel when she 16) ... (hear) the door of the cellar close behind them. "Dad", she 17) ... (say), "don't close the door!" "But, I 18) ... (not/close) it, dear", her father said. Emma 19) ... (turn) around and 20) ... (see) a shadow on the wall. She 21) ... (know) then that the ghost of Seaton Castle 22) ... (watch) them!

 

Ex 10. Correct the mistakes.

1. Philip was washing the car while the fire started.

2. Neil was studying when his sister was listening to music.

3. Harriet was opening the door and walked into the house.

4. We were having lunch at a lovely restaurant ever day when we were on holiday.

5. Brian drank tea at five o'clock yesterday afternoon.

6. Dad was repairing the TV while Mum cooked dinner.

7. I was going to the cinema last Saturday.

8. I was buying a new dress for my party yesterday.

9. While Jeff built the garden shed, he hurt himself.

10. While the teacher was speaking, the students were listening to him.

 

Ex. 11. Choose the correct answer.

1. The earth В round the sun.

A. moved В. moves С. is moving

2. Sarah ... a new car last week.

A. buying В. buy С. bought

3. I ... when suddenly the dog began to bark.

A. study В. studied С. was studying

4. They ... hard at the moment.

A. are working В. were working С. worked

5. I ... home from work when it began to snow.

A. am walking В. walk С. was walking

6. Jane ... he receiver and dialed the number.

A. lifts В. was lifting С. lifted

7. Walt Disney ... Mickey Mouse.

A. was creating В. creates С. created

8. Helen ... to the gym every day, but now she doesn't.

A. used to go В. didn't use to go С. was going

9. We ... for a new house at the moment.

A. are looking В. look С. looked

10. Ted ... his father in the garden every Sunday.

A. was helping В. helps С. is helping

11. The ferry to Calais ... at 3 o'clock every day.

A. leave В. leaves С. was leaving

12. You ... your music too loud! I can't stand it!

A. were always playing В. always play С. are always playing

 

C.

 

Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

She 1) ... (lie) in bed when she 2) ... (hear) a sudden noise. She 3) ... (open) her eyes in horror. Someone 4) ... (open) a downstairs win­dow; they 5) ... (try) to get into her house. She 6) ... (climb) slowly out of bed and 7) ... (creep) to the door. She 8) ... (stand) very still and listening carefully when she 9) ... (see) a light downstairs. It 10) ... (move) about as if someone 11) ... (hold) a torch and searching for something. She 12) ... (know) that they 13) ... (look) for her.

 

Ex 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. Then, say which uses of these tenses are shown in each extract.

A. Charlie Chaplin 1) became (become) one of the best-known personalities in America within two years of his first appearance in motion pictures. He 2) ... (be) so famous that no studio could afford to pay him, so he 3) ... (appear) only in films which he 4) ... (produce) himself.

B. It 1) ... (happen) at ten o'clock last night. John 2) ... (sit) in his cosy living room with his wife and children. They 3) ... (watch) the evening news on TV when suddenly, the lights 4) ... (go out) and every­thing in the house 5) ... (become) quiet.

C. The boys 1) ... (play) football on the river bank while the girls 2) ... (talk). Everyone 3) ... (enjoy) the picnic when suddenly they 4) ... (hear) a loud cry from further up the river. They all 5) ... (rush) to see what was wrong.

D. In prehistoric times, people 1) ... (live) in caves. They 2) ... (hunt) animals which they then 3) ... (use) for food and clothing. They 4) ... (make) everything by themselves and they 5) ... (have) very simple lives.

 

Ex 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. Which was the longer action in each sentence?

1. They were cleaning (clean) the windows when it started (start) to rain.

Cleaning the windows was the longer action.

2. As he (drive) to work, he (remember) that his briefcase was still at home.

3. Melanie (cook) dinner when her husband (come) home.

4. I (hear) a loud crash as I (sit) in the garden.

5. She (type) a letter when her boss (arrive).

6. While the dog (dig) in the garden, it (find) a bone.

7. Mary (ride) her bicycle when she (notice) the tiny kitten.

8. While I (do) my homework, the phone (ring).

 

Ex 4. A policeman is asking Mrs. Hutchinson about a car acci­dent she happened to see yesterday. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

A. What 1) were you doing (you/do) when you 2) ... (see) the accident, madam?

B. 3) ... (walk) down the streets.

A. What exactly 4) ... (you/see)?

B. Well, the driver of the car 5) ... (drive) down the road when suddenly the old man just 6) ... (step) in front of him! It 7) ... (be) terrible!

A. 8) ... (the driver/speed)?

B. No, not really, but the old man 9) ... (not/look) both ways before he 10) ... (try) to cross the road.

A. 11) ... (anyone else/see) the accident?

B. Yes, the lady in the post office.

A. Thank you very much.

 

Ex. 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.

A. As soon as Margaret 1) got (get) off the train, she 2) ... (pull) her coat around her. Rain 3) ... (fall) heavily and a cold wind 4) ... (blow) across the platform. She 5) ... (look) around, but no one 6) ... (wait) to meet her. She 7) ... (turn) to leave when she 8) ... (hear) footsteps. A man 9) ... (walk) towards her. He 10) ... (smile) at her, then he 11) ... (say), "You're finally here".

B. George 1) ... (pick) up his bag then, 2) ... (throw) it over his shoulder. It 3) ... (get) dark and he 4) ... (have) a long way to go. He wished that he had let someone know that he was coming. It 5) ... (start) to rain, and he was feeling cold and tired from the long journey. Suddenly, he 6) ... (hear) a noise, then he 7) ... (see) two bright lights on the road ahead. A car 8) ... (head) towards him. It slowed down and finally 9) ... (stop) beside him. A man 10) ... (sit) at the wheel. He 11) ... (open) the door quickly and 12) ... (say) "Get in, George".

C. Andy 1) ... (step) into the house and 2) ... (close) the door behind him. Everything 3) ... (be) quiet. His heart 4) ... (beat) fast and his hands 5) ... (shake) as he crept silently into the empty house, but he was trying not to panic. He soon 6) ... (find) what he 7) ... (look) for. He smiled with relief as he put on the clothes. The men who 8) ... (follow) him would never recognize him now.

 

Ex 6. Translate into English.

I. 1. Я посидел на скамейке с полчаса, а потом начал читать книгу. 2. Я окончила университет, когда мне было 23 года. 3. «Когда вы были здесь последний раз?» - «Года полтора тому назад». 4. Грэй кивнул головой и пошел наверх. 5. Я встретила Лену около трех лет назад благодаря своим родителям. 6. Он остановился и сорвал розу. 7. Я навещала их год тому назад. 8. Я видела его в Лондоне неделю назад. 9. Я не видел его, когда был в С.-Петербурге. 10. Что с вами случилось в тот вечер? 11. Они вернулись в дом, когда пошел дождь.

II. «Ты видел его этим утром». - «Да, он стоял у машины». 2. Он вошел и увидел Нелли, которая рисовала странную картину. 3. Он побежал к воротам, где стояла Анна. 4. Я взглянул на Дженни, которая все еще дрожала от холода. 5. Мы как раз говорили о нем, когда он вдруг вошел. 6. Они пришли в то время, когда я работала в саду. 7. Вчера в шесть часов она накрывала на стол. 8. Что ты играл, когда я вошла? 9. Вода в чайнике кипела, когда мои друзья вернулись в лагерь. 10. Когда я приехал, Елена, к сожалению, как раз уходила. 11. Он вдруг понял, что едет не в ту сторону. 12. Я сидела в саду вчера, когда пришел брат и принес щенка. 13. Когда я вошел, они сидели в гостиной. Старший брат решал кроссворд, мама вязала, остальные читали. Мама улыбнулась мне и сказала: «Входи, пожалуйста, и садись». 14. Когда она проснулась, в саду весело пели птицы. 15. «С кем вы разговаривали по телефону, когда я вошла?» - «Я разговаривала с сестрой». 16. К ним подошел какой-то мужчина, когда они переходили улицу, и спросил дорогу к Дворцовой площади. 17. Я делала уроки, когда он пришел.

 

 

Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous

 

A-B.

 

Ex 1. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. You went back to your home town after many years and you found that many things were different.

Pattern: Most of my friends were no longer there. They had left (leave).

 

1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He (go) away.

2. The local cinema was no longer open. It (close) down.

3. Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He (die).

4. I didn't recognize Mrs. Johnson. She (change) a lot.

5. Bill no longer had his car. He (sell) it.

 

Ex 2. Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in brackets.

Pattern: Mr. and Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the plane took off because they (fly) had never flown before.

 

1. The woman was a complete stranger to me. I (see) before.

2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. She (be/late).

3. Jane played tennis yesterday - at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn't very good at it because she (play).

4. It was Keith's first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn't know what to do. He (drive).

 

Ex 3. Now you have to make sentences using the words in brackets.

Pattern: I wasn't hungry. (I/just/have/lunch) I had just had lunch.

 

1. Tom wasn't at home when I arrived, (he/just/go/out).

2. We arrived at the cinema late, (the film/ already/begin).

3. They weren't eating when I went to see them, (they/just/finish/ their dinner).

4. I invited Ann to dinner last night but she couldn't come, (she/ already/arrange/to do something else).

5. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (I/ not/see/her for five years).

 

Ex 4. Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (I had done) or past simple (I did).

Pattern: "Was Tom there when you arrived?"

"No, he had gone (go) home".

"Was Tom there when you arrived?"

"Yes, but he went (go) home soon afterwards".

 

1. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody (go) to bed.

2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I (go) straight to bed.

3. Sorry I'm late. The car (break) down on my way here.

4. There was a car by the side of the road. It (break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we (stop) to see if we could help.

 

Ex 5. Make sentences using the words in brackets.

Pattern: His hair was wet. (He/just/have/a shower). He had just had a shower.

 

1. There was nobody at the platform. (the train/just/leave)

2. We didn't find anybody at home. (everybody/already/go out)

3. The children were playing in the garden. (they/just/come/from school)

4. Bob wasn't at home when I arrived. (he/arrange/to meet/some friends/at the club)

5. I couldn't recognize the child after all that time. (I/not/see/her/ for seven years)

 

Ex 6. Unite the following pairs of sentences. Use the conjunc­tions after, as soon as, before, until, till, when.

Pattern: a) They went to England. They left school. (after)

They went to England after they had left school,

b) The sun set. They finished their work. (before)

The sun had set before they finished their work.

 

1. The sun rose. He woke up. (before)

2. He died. He was very ill. (before)

3. I understood the problem. He explained. (as soon as)

4. She wrote the letter. She went to the post office. (after)

5. I drove to the airport. The plane took off. (when)

6. She read the message carefully. She wrote the reply. (before)

7. He left the room. I turned on the radio. (as soon as)

8. He had dinner. He went to the cinema. (after)

9. The man didn't leave. He didn't receive a definite answer. (till)

10. We didn't say a word. He finished his story. (until)

11. We reached the football ground. The game started. (when)

12. John worked as a skilled builder. He began to study architec­ture. (before)

13. Harold couldn't leave for home. He completed everything. (till)

14. The snow was very deep. It snowed heavily. (after)

 

Ex 7. Make past perfect sentences.

Pattern: I couldn't get in because I had forgotten my keys. (forget +)

Ann wasn't at home. Where had she gone? (go -)

The telephone wasn't working because we hadn't paid the bill. (pay -)

 

1. The woman told me that she ... in china a few years before. (work +)

2. Everything in the garden was brown because it ...(rain -)

3. The bathroom was full of water. What ... ? (happen ?)

4. I knew I ... that man somewhere before. (see +)

5. We were surprised to see Mark, because we ... his letter. (get +)

6. After three days the dogs came back home. Where ... ? (be ?)

7. They gave me some money back because I ... too much. (pay +)

8. There was nothing in the fridge. I could see that Peter ... the shopping. (do -)

 

Ex 8. Circle the correct answers.

Pattern: I didn't recognize / hadn't recognized Helen, because she cut / had cut her hair very short.

 

1. No one understood / had understood how the cat got / had got into the car.

2. Joe didn'tplay / hadn'tplayed in the game on Saturday because he hurt / had hurt his arm.

3. When I looked / had looked in all my pockets for my keys I started / had started to get very worried.

4. Liz never travelled / had never travelled by train before she went / had gone to Europe.

5. I arrived /had arrived at the shop at 5.30, but it already closed / had already dosed.

6. I didn't have / hadn't had much money after I paid / had paid all my bills last week.

 

Ex 9. Put the verb in brackets into the required tense form.

1. They hardly (go) when aunt Julia (wander) slowly into the room. 2. He hardly (reach) the door of his office when he (encounter) two young men. 3. He scarcely (take) a few steps along the street, when three men (appear) from around the corner. 4. No sooner he (start) to play than one string on the violin (break). 5. They barely (leave) the room when the chaos (break) out. 6. No sooner they (arrive) at Rouge Mont than her sister (ring) up from home about an accident with her little daughter. 7. No sooner the curtains (fall) than he (rise) to go. 8. Hardly he (ask) his questions when she (answer) them. 9. He scarce­ly (take) off his coat when he (begin) to read the letter. 10. Nell scarcely (settle) herself on a little heap of straw in the corner, when she (fall) asleep. 11. The rain nearly (stop) when he (reach) his hotel. 12. He scarcely (say) the first words when she (interrupt) him.

 

C.

 

Ex 1. Insert the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect.

1. We hardly (leave) town, when it (begin) to rain. 2. The moon (not / rise). There was nothing to dispel the dark of the night. 3. On glancing at the address, he observed that it contained no name. The stranger (not /go) far, so he followed him to ask it. 4. When at his house, they (tell) me that he (leave) an hour ago. 5. No sooner he (take) a drink himself, than Mrs. Fettle (look) in. 6. When I (come) to see my friend, I (find) him lying in bed. He (look) very pale as he (be) seriously ill for a whole month. 7. He hardly (light) another cigarette, when the general (come) into the courtyard. 8. Gemma went slowly down the stairs, Mar­tini following in silence. She (grow) to look ten years older in these few days, and her hair (become) gray. 9. Presently the sounds of voices and footsteps approaching along the terrace roused her from the dreamy state into which she (fall). 10. She was a woman of nearly fifty who (be) obviously pretty once. 11. Moreover, to the doctor the affair was the commonplace; it was just a hysterical woman who (quarrel) with her friend and (take) poison. 12. I (leave) home at 8 o'clock, but I (not/ go) far when I (remember) that I (forget) to lock my door. 13. When Alison (disappear) the first strains of the orchestra came stealing out to me from inside the hall. 14. Scarcely I (close) the door when a gust of wind (open) it again.

 

Ex 2. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect.

I. 1. He (close) the window and (sit) in his armchair, reading a newspaper. 2. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start). 3. The rain (stop) and the sun (shine) brightly. 4. Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 5. I (watch) his eyes pretty closely while we (exchange) these remarks. 6. When we (reach the field, the game already (start). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (trav­el) in the wrong direction. 8. When I (look) for my passport, I (find) this old photograph. 9. You looked very busy when I saw you last night. What you (do)? 10. He (not / be) there five minutes, when the storm (begin). 11. He (not / allow) us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow). 12. I (wake) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 13. When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not / recognize) him at first because I (hot / wear) my glasses. 14. When he (sealant stamp) the envelope, he (go) back to the window and (draw) a long breath. 15. I (see) you yesterday from the bus. Why you (use) a stick? - I (use) it because I (hurt) my leg that morning. 16. We (return) home at nightfall and we (be) very glad to get home again, but we (have) a wonderful day. 17. As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop). 18. When I (arrive) - at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. 19. When I (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his wife. 20. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. 21. While I (say) goodbye to the rest of the guests Isabel (take) Sophie aside. 22. The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make tea.

II. 1. I just (finish) washing the boy, and (wrap) him in a warm blanket, when Jill came in with a tray in her hands. 2. They (reach) the peacock door and stood there, talking. 3. She (come in) and (untie) her bon net strings when Chris entered. 4. She could see their faces in a looking-glass. They evidently (enjoy) themselves. 5. He (cycle) along a narrow path when he (fall) and (hurt) himself badly. 6. I led her to the sitting-room. Antonia (dry) her tears and (powder) her nose again. She greeted Rosemary. 7. It already (begin) to grow dark; the cold autumn wind (whistle); clouds (creep) over the sky. 8. When I looked up again I saw that she (move), and (stand) with her hand on the handle of the door. 9. Then, quite suddenly, I noticed a movement in the garden: some­one (enter) from the gate at the far end of the lawn and (move) rapidly across towards the house. 10. When I (look) out of the window, the sun (approach) the horizon and dark clouds (overspread) the sky. 11. Elean­or (not / take) more than half a dozen steps... when a hand fell on her arm from behind. 12. The moon (not / rise) yet and only two stars (shine) in the dark blue sky.

 

Ex 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous.

1. A. Did you do anything last night?

В. I went to the gym and I had just arrived (just/ arrive) home when Michael called me. He said he (try) to call me for ten minutes before I finally answered the phone.

2. A. Did you catch any fish on your fishing trip today?

B. Yes. I (sit) in the boat for two hours when I caught a huge fish.

3. A. Did you enjoy the open-air concert yesterday?

B. The music was good, but the weather was terrible. The concert (just/start) when suddenly, it began to rain. The musicians (only / play) for ten minutes.

A. What a shame!

4. A. Was the house tidy when you got home?

B. Yes, the children (dust) the furniture and they (put away) all of their toys.

5. A. Why were you so upset this morning?

B. Well, I (clean) the house for hours when the children came in with muddy shoes.

6. A. Why are you so late for work this morning?

B. I'm sorry. I (wait) for the train for over an hour before it eventually arrived.

 

Ex 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense.

A. On Monday morning, Jo 1) missed (miss) the bus and had to walk to school. When she 2) ... (arrive), the bell 3) ... (already/ring) and lessons 4) ... (start). The children 5) ... (work) quietly when Jo 6) ... (walk) into the classroom.

B. When Jamie 1) ... (get) to the party, a lot of people 2) ... (dance) to pop music. Everyone 3) ... jeans and T-shirts. Jamie 4) ... (buy) a new suit for the party and he 5) ... (wear) that. He 6) ... (feel) quite silly because everyone 7) ... (look) at him.

 

Ex 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. A. Why was Tim so tired last night?

B. Oh, he had been working (work) hard all day.

2. A. I (go) to the cinema last night.

B. Really? What (you/see)?

3. A. Did you have enough to eat at the party?

B. Yes. Sarah (make) a lot of food.

4. A. What (you/do) at eight o'clock last night?

В. I (watch) television. Why?

5. A. Colin! Look at yourself! You are filthy!

В. I know. I (repair) my motorbike.

6. A. I (do) something really silly yesterday.

B. Really, what?

A. I (get) up and (set off) for work as usual. I (drive) for an hour before I (realize) it was Sunday.

7. A. I (just/hear) some incredible news!

B.  What?

A. Jason and Emily (get) married last week in Las Vegas. Isn't that amazing?

 

Ex. 6. Underline the correct tense.

1. I saw Jim this morning. He ran / was running for the bus.

2. Keri was angry. She had been waiting / was waiting for Sarah for two hours.

3. Andy was relieved to hear that he was passing / had passed the exam.

4. I was walking / had walked home when I saw Paul.

5. Brian learnt / had learnt how to spell his name at school today.

6. They hadn't visited / weren't visiting their grandparents for a long time.

7. I watched/ was watching television when the telephone rang.

8. Jason had been thinking / had thought about his new car all day.

9. I bought the dress because I wanted / had wanted something special to wear to the party.

10. The little boy was crying because he had lost / was losing his mother.

11. Graham had been working / was working for the company for twenty years before he retired.

12. Pam opened / had opened the present and read the card.

13. Lucy wrote / had written a letter to her sister last night.

14. It had been raining / was raining all day and the roads were very wet.

15. Sue was smiling / had smiled as she was reading Mary's letter.

 

Ex 7. Choose the correct answer.

1. "Are you going shopping tonight?" "No, I A yesterday".

A. went В. had gone С. had been going

2. "Did you see Nathan?" "No, he ... by the time I arrived at his house".

A. was leaving В. had been leaving С. had left

3. "Where is Scott?" "He ... on the phone when I saw him".

A. was talking В. talked С. had talked

4. "How often do you clean your house?" "I ... clean it once a week."

A. seldom В. usually С. never

5. "Did Alan arrive on time?" "No, I ... for an hour before he arrived".

A. was waiting В. had waited С. had been waiting

6. "Did you go out for dinner last night?" "No. I ... a lot at lunch, so I wasn't hungry".

A. had been eating В. had eaten С. was eating

7. "What time do you finish work?" "Actually, I ...".

A. have just finished В. finish С. finished

8. "Did you enjoy your holiday?" "Yes, we ... in a fabulous hotel".

A. have stayed В. had stayed С. stayed

9. "I like your dress. Is it new?" "No. I ... it for ages".

A. had В. have С. have had

10. "How is John now?" "He ... better slowly".

A. gets В. is getting С. has been getting

 

Ex. 8. Correct the mistakes.

1. They are usually starting work at 9 o'clock.

2. Look! That man is having blue hair!

3. Do you study for your exams at the moment?

4. I was being late for work yesterday morning.

5. Dave has planned his holiday since Christmas.

6. Sheila is typing twenty letters so far this morning.

7. The sun has been setting in the west.

8. We were sleeping for an hour when the phone rang.

9. Lydia had been buying a new car last month.

 

Ex 9. Translate into English.

1. Войдя в комнату, он увидел Анну там, где ее оставил. 2. Я заметил, когда вошел, что кто-то забыл свой зонтик на крыльце. 3. Он не прочел и полкниги, как заявил, что она ему не нравится. 4. Когда гости ушли, она вошла в гостиную и выключила свет. 5. Она сидела на диване и думала, почему еще не пришло письмо от отца. 6. Дождь прекратился, но в воздухе был еще легкий туман. 7. Я не знала, когда он ушел. 8. Он не помнил его имени и не помнил, чтобы встречал его когда-либо раньше. 9. Мы ехали часа два, когда наконец увидели озеро. 10. Прошло некоторое время, прежде чем они поняли, что ему нечего было сказать. 11. Приехав домой, он узнал, что его сестра только что ушла. 12. Когда экспедиция вернулась, они рассказали, что они видели в Арктике. 13. Она закончила паковать вещи к тому времени, когда ее сестра постучала в дверь. 14. Последние дни было очень холодно, но снег не шел. 15. Когда все ушли, она подошла к телефону и быстро набрала номер. 16. Когда родители вернулись, я показала им, что я сделала. 17. Мама пыталась успокоить меня после того, как вы ушли. 18. Я удивился тому, какие успехи она сделала, учитывая, как мало времени прошло с тех пор, как я видел ее в последний раз. 19. Не успел он подойти к двери, как встретил своих школьных друзей. 20. Он опять вернулся в Москву, где жил с родителями в детстве. 21. Когда они наконец расстались, он вернулся в комнату и пошел прямо к столу. 22. Было гораздо холоднее, чем она предполагала. 23. Я знал, что они встречались еще до войны. 24. Когда все ушли, я осторожно закрыл дверь. 25. Когда рассвело, еще дул штормовой ветер, но снег прекратился.

 

 

 

Noun

 

A.

 

Ex 1. Group nouns (√) or not (x)?

Army, audience, beach, class, club, Communist Party, company, crowd, idea, lunch, question, room, school, train.

 

Ex 2. Put the beginnings and ends together, and put in plural verbs from the box.

haven't need play say want 

 

1. The club	...	her to go to university.
2. The company	...	only classical music.
3. Her family	...	scored a goal this year.
4. The orchestra	...	that they're losing money.
5. This team		a bigger room for their meetings.

 

Ex. 3. Make's or s'possessive structures.

Pattern: The dog belongs to Joe. Joe's dog

The dog belongs to the postman. The postman's dog

 

1. The house belongs to Ann..................

2. The house belongs to the doctor ...............

3. The book belongs to Oliver...................

4. The car belongs to the teacher ...........

5. The money belongs to the children...............

6. The money belongs to Susan .....................

 

Ex. 4. Put the words in brackets into the plural where necessary. 

I. A. Did you go shopping on Saturday?

B. Yes, I did. I bought lots of things.

A. What did you buy?

B. I bought two (1) scarves (scarf) and three (2) ... (T-shirt).

A. Did you buy anything else?

B. Yes. I went to a lovely shop and bought six (3) ... (cup) and four crystal (4) ... (glass).

A. Gosh! You really bought lots of things!

B. And I also bought two silver (5) ... (candlestick) for my aunt. 

II. A. I went to the zoo yesterday.

B. Really? Which animals did you see?

A. Well, first I saw a (1) ... (lion), and then I saw two (2) ... (giraffe).

B. Is that all?

A. No. I also saw three (3) ... (deer) and two (4) ... (rhino).

B. Did you go to the monkey house?

A. Yes, and there were three (5) ... (monkey) there. It was a great day.

 

Ex 5. Underline the correct word.

1. How many children is/are there in your class? 

2. Some people never do/does any exercise.

3. There is/are a pair of socks under the bed.

4. His new clothes was/were very expensive.

5. I can't find the stairs in this building. Where is/are they?

6. The police is/are looking for the criminal.

7. I want to cut some paper. Where is/are the scissors?

8. Your hair need/needs cutting.

9. Your pyjamas is/are on the bed.

10. The information you gave me was/were very helpful.

11. There was/were a lot of people at the cinema last night.

12. My shorts is/are made of silk.

13. His shoes is/are too small. He needs a new pair.

14. My parents is/are walking the dog at the moment.

15. These earrings was/were given to me by my grandmother.

 

 

B.

 

Ex 1. Underline the noun in each sentence and write 'C' or 'U' to show whether the noun is countable or uncountable.

I. 1. I bought an excellent iron. C. 

2. She has wonderful hair.________________________

3. How many photos did he take?_________________

4. Add a little more salt._________________________

5. Did you buy a paper this morning?_______________

6. Hope keeps me going. ________________________

7. It is made of iron.____________________________

8. We've got plenty of coal.______________________

9. There is a hair in my soup._____________________ 

II. 1. Trade with China has increased._____________

2. Do you like ice cream? _______________________

3. I eat two eggs every day.______________________

4. Too much cake isn't good for you._______________

5. I need a cloth to wipe the table._________________

6. Would you like an ice?________________________

7. I need two clean glasses.______________________

8. Don't throw stones.__________________________

9. Be careful! There is broken glass on the road._______

10. Can I have a cake, Mum?____________________

 

Ex. 2. Put in plural nouns or simple present verbs. 

► Their homes are in Scotland. (be)

 

1. Our______ play a lot of football. (child) 

2. Those don't look English. (student)

3. Some people______ to talk to you. (want)

4. Big_____ are always dirty. (city)

5. Their_____ are travelling with them. (wife)

6. These knives______ n't cut very well. (do)

7. My_______ are giving me trouble. (tooth)

8. Those_______ cost too much. (watch)

9. Most_______ cry at night. (baby)

10. The_______ are all wet. (match)

11. Who are those_______ ? (guy)

12. My parents_______ at home. (work)

13. How many_______ live here? (person)

 

 

The two girls disappeared from (their grandmother) ► grandmoth­er's garden in Oakley yesterday evening. Josie and Cara Sharp, aged 7 and 9, were staying at 1) ... (their grandparents) house for a week. They were in Oakley for a 2) ... (children) theatre course. The police have asked the course teachers for the 3) ... (other children) names and ad­dresses, and they have also put Josie 4) ... (and Cara)photos on local television. 5) ... (The two girls) mother, Mrs. Jenna Sharp, has appeared on TV as well. A shopkeeper thinks she saw Josie and Cara getting into 6) ... (a man) car; police officers have asked for 7) ... (the shopkeeper) help with a photo fit picture of the man. The police have also got 8) ... (local people) help in looking for the girls near the town.

 

Ex 5. Write noun + noun names for these.

Pattern: Soup with chicken in it

 

1. a box made of metal_____________

2. cakes with chocolate in them_______

3. a fork made of plastic____________

4. soup made of vegetables__________

5. a jacket made of leather___________

6. shirts made of cotton_____________

7. a plate made of paper_____________

8. salad with tomatoes in it___________

9. a wall made of stones_____________

 

C.

 

Ex. 1. State whether the nouns in italic type are collective nouns or nouns of multitude.

1. It is a new company. 2. The company are rehearsing a new produc­tion. 3. Then one by one the worn out crew were helped on board. 4. The crew of the ship consists of twenty seamen including the captain and his mate. 5. No one had seen him since and the police were searching for him. 6. The band were changed, and in the gallery already. 7. And Stillev-eld, in company with the many other places like it, had also been the birthplace of a new people. The people who were neither white nor black.

 

Ex. 2. Choose between a singular or a plural verb to use it in the following sentences.

1. The play is witty and the cast (be) wonderful. 2. The cast (be) all amateurs. 3. All the family (to be) gathered to see the dog. 4. Monty's family (to be) of about the same social status as my own. 5. Do you know what the family (to get) into their heads about this business? 6. Everybody says the Swiss police (to be) great at finding people. 7. The public (not to think) so. 8. The public (to request) not to leave litter in these woods. 9. When he came the baseball team (to practise) on the school field. 10. The team (to have) baths at the moment and then (to come) back here for tea. 11. The team (to play) tomorrow morning. 12. The clergy (to be) generally dressed in black. 13. The Government (to discuss) the matter for a long time but they have shown no signs of reaching agreement. 14. The Government (to decide) to pass the bill. 15. In the meantime the young couple (to be) to live in the old house. 16. That day the committee (to be) to meet at her friend's house. 17. I had to find out whether the committee (to be) competent enough to consider the project. 18. The board (to be) extraordinarily kind to you. 19. The board (to be) going to consider your application at the next sitting. 20. You've bought yourself a nice car. Your money (to be) well spent. 21. His advice always (to be) useful for me.

 

Ex. 3. Write some true sentences. Use the expressions in the box.

I've already got one. I haven't got one. I need one. I don't need one. I'd like one. I need a new one. I don't want one.

Pattern: a computer I don't need one

1. a bicycle__________

2. a tennis racket______

3. a fast car__________

4. a raincoat_________

5. a camera__________

6. a rich uncle________

7. a cup of coffee______

 

Ex 4. Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is right?

Pattern: She was very helpful. She gave me some good advice/ advices. ('advice' is right)

 

1. Margaret has got very long black hair/hairs.

2. We had a very good weather/ very good weather when we were on holiday.

3. Sorry I'm late. I had trouble/troubles with the car this morning.

4. I want something to read. I'm going to buy a/some paper.

5. I want to write some letters. I need a/some writing paper.

6. It's very difficult to find a work/job at the moment.

7. Bad news don't/doesn't make people happy.

8. Our travel/journey from London to Istanbul by train was very interesting.

9. The flat is empty. We haven't got any furnitures/furniture yet.

10. When the fire alarm rang, there was complete chaos/complete chaos.

11. I had to buy a/some bread because I wanted to make some sandwiches.

12. After spending most of his life travelling round the world, he is now writing a book about his experience/experiences.

 

Ex 5. Fill in a, an or some where necessary.

1. We booked a room in the Grand Hotel.

2. The police found ... glass from the broken window on the ground.

3. There is ... room for five people in my car.

4. She usually drinks ... glass of orange juice in the morning.

5. There was ... hair in my soup.

6. I need ... paper to write my letters on.

7. Her ... hair is long and blonde

8. The Eiffel Tower is made of ... iron.

9. He decided to buy ... paper to read on the train.

10. I have got ... iron, but it is very old.

 

Ex 6. Underline the correct word.

1. A. How many biscuits was/were there in the tin?

В. I don't know.

2. A. These trousers is/are too long.

B. You must have bought the wrong size.

3. A. My hair is/are a mess today.

B. Don't be silly. You look lovely.

4. A. I need some new socks.

B. There is/are a new pair in that bag for you.

5. A. What happened to that escaped criminal?

B. The police is/are still looking for him.

6. A. Did you see Steve at the party?

B. No. There was/were too many other people there

7. A. Do you like my new shoes?

B. Oh yes. My shoes is/are very similar, actually.

8. A. I can't stand people who never do/does anything for themselves.

B. Nor can I. No one should depend totally on others

9. A. My shorts is/are dirty.

B. Well, you'll have to wear a skirt.

10. A. The stairs in the cathedral was/were very steep.

B. Yes. I was exhausted when I reached the top.

 

Ex 7. Fill in is or are.

1. Be careful! Those scissors are very sharp.

2. Maths ... John's favourite subject at school.

3. The police ... investigating the crime.

4. These trousers ... too big for me.

5. The stairs in my house ... made of wood.

6. His new furniture ... very modern.

7. The weather ... going to be bad this weekend.

8. My advice ... that you get a new job.

9. His new clothes ... very fashionable.

10. The team ... all training hard for Saturday's match.

11. The money in the jar ... for this week's shopping.

12. My pyjamas ... not on my bed. Where ... they?

13. Mumps ... a childhood disease.

14. My luggage ... in the car already.

15. Your hair ... very long again.

16. Tom's gloves ... made of soft leather.

17. The class all ... working on a project together.

18. Athletics ... my favourite sport.

19. My shoes ... too small for me now.

 

Ex 8. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Полиция - не дураки. Этот человек не поверил ни одному моему слову. 2. Команда прекратила погрузку (loading), и все собрались на палубе. 3. Ты знаешь, каковы новости? 4. В письме важная информация. 5. Вся компания сидит в кафе. Они собираются здесь обедать. 6. У комитета сложилось мнение, что этот вопрос нужно решить немедленно. 7. Когда директор пришел, весь штат уже собрался. 8. Штат очень небольшой, я не знаю, как он справляется.

 

Test Translation

 

1. Вы студент?

2. Где вы учитесь? На каком факультете?

3. На каком вы курсе?

4. По какому предмету вы будете специализироваться?

5. Когда вы поступили в университет?

6. Вы держали вступительные экзамены по всем предметам?

7. Как вы сдали эти экзамены?

8. На какое отделение вас зачислили (вы были приняты)?

9. Почему вы решили поступить на этот факультет?

10. Вы решили заняться социологией в качестве вашей будущей специальности, не так ли?

11. Вы помните ваш первый день в университете?

12. Вы регулярно посещаете занятия: лекции, семинары, практические занятия?

13. Кому вы представляете свою курсовую работу?

14. Вы делаете в классе какие-либо (any) доклады на социологическую тематику?

15. Много ли экзаменов и зачетов вы сдаете (имеете) в сессию (during one examination period)?

16. Какие экзамены вы будете сдавать в этом семестре?

17. Где вы будете готовиться к ним?

18. Вы будете сдавать экзамен или зачет по английскому языку?

19. Вы много работаете над языком?

20. Где вы обычно готовите домашние задания?

21. Вы часто работаете в библиотеке?

22. Говорят (they say), что студентам-социологам приходится (have to) много работать в библиотеке с литературой. Это так?

23. Вы проводите большую часть времени в читальном зале, не правда ли?

24. Вы живете в общежитии?

 

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¹ Ну и что из этого следует? Зачем это надо?

² to remain - оставаться

³ to urge - побуждать

⁴ to contribute - делать вклад

⁵ a decade = ten years

⁶ expansion - распространение

⁷ intangibles - «неосязаемая» собственность

⁸ affection - любовь, чувство близости, привязанность

⁹ proliferate - разрастающиеся

¹⁰ large-scale - крупномасштабный

¹¹ tools = methods

¹² questionnaire - опросный лист, вопросник; анкета

¹³ survey - опрос, анкетирование

¹⁴ public opinion poll - опрос общественного мнения