UNIT 14

 

Grammar:     Texts:

1. Modal Verbs must, have to, should 2. Reported Speech 3. Articles with Place Names 1. «It Might Be Chocolates» 2. «StrangeLaws» 3. «Race to the South Pole» 4. «An Operation» 5. «Dial 999»  Dialogue

 

Text One

 

«It Might Be Chocolates»

 

One morning, there was a ring at the door. ‘That must be the postman’, said Kate, ‘I know his whistle.’ She went to open the door. ‘It’s for your mother’, said the postman. Kate took the parcel into the kitchen and put it on the table.  ‘It might be from Gran’, she said. ‘She often sends us parcels.’

Andy looked at the stamps. ‘It can’t be,’ he said. ‘It’s from Holland.’ Kate looked at the postmark. ‘On the other hand, it could be from Cindy. She’s in Europe. It’s probably chocolates’, she added, feeling the parcel, which was in the shape of a box. ‘Mmm, I’d love one right now!’ said Andy, ‘Mum won’t mind if we open it.’

At that moment, Mrs Morgan came into the kitchen. ‘Oh good!’ she said. ‘My tulip bulbs from Amsterdam have arrived! Perhaps you two would like to help me plant them!’

 

Text Two

 

«Strange Laws»

 

In Thailand, you mustn’t leave your house if you are not wearing underwear. You have to wear a shirt while driving a car. It is illegal to walk down the streets with your shoelaces undone in Maine, USA.

In Switzerland, you can’t wash your car, mow your lawn or hang clothes out to dry on a Sunday. It is also against the law to flush the toilet after 10 p.m. if you live in an apartment.

In Singapore, it is illegal to chew gum or drop litter. You can’t smoke in public places.

In Saudi Arabia, women can’t srive cars.

In England, you mustn’t stick a stamp on an envelope upside down if it has the Queen’s picture on it. It is illegal to leave bags unattended.

Every man must grow a beard in Brainerd, Minnesota.

Between the hours of 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. in France, 70 per cent of music on the radio has to be by French artists.

In Kentucky, USA, you mustn’t marry the same man more than three times.

If you have more than one child in China, you have to pay a fine.

In Denmark, you can’t start your car when someone is lying undernearth it.

In Italy, men mustn’t wear skirts.

You have to get a licence to paint your house in Sweden.

In Florida, USA, you mustn’t sing in a public place while you are wearing a swimsuit.

In Toronto, Canada, you can’t drag a dead horse down Yonge Street on Sunday.

And if you are in Hawaii and you are laughing at these strange laws, don’t! In Hawaii, you mustn’t laught after 10 p.m.

 

Text Three

 

«Race to the South Pole»

 

On 1 June, 1910, Captain Scott left London to begin his Antarctic expedition. On his way, he received a telegram from the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen: “Am going South.” So the race to the South Pole was on!

During the polar summer of 1910-1911, both teams organised food depots in preparation for their expeditions the following year.

Amundsen was the first to leave, on 15 October, 1911. He had teams of dogs pulling the sledges and all his men were on skis. Because of this he made rapid progress. Scott left on 1 November and soon had problems. First, his two motor sledges broke down, and then the ponies began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold. Afyter a while, Scott and his men had to push the sledges themselves.

Amundsen reached the Pole on 14 December and put a Norwegian flag there. Scott finally arrived at the Pole with four companions on 17 January. They were devastated when they saw the Norwegian flag.

Their return journey was one of the worst in the history of exploration. Scott and his companions didn’t survive the return journey. Scott’s diary was found beside his body.

16 or 17 March

Things are getting worse. Two days ago, at noon, poor Titus Oates said he couldn’t continue because of his leg. He asked us to leave him in his sleeping bag. We could not do that. We completed our afternoon march. At night he was worse, and we knew that the end was near. Oates’ last thoughts were of his Mother. ope never left him before the end. There was a wild snowstorm. He said ‘I am just going outside. I may be sometime.’ He went out into the snowstorm, and we have nor seen him since. We knew that poor Oates was walking away to die. It was an act of a brave man. We all hope to meet the end with this kind of courage - and surely death is not far away. We talk all the time of completing the trip. But I don’t think any of us believes it in his heart.

The news of Scott’s death shocked the world. He had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the remarkable courage shown by Captain Scott and his men made them into heroes.

 

Text Four

 

«Dial 999»

 

Nancy: Gosh, it’s dark here.

Harold: Switch on your torch, Peter.

Peter: All right.

Harold: Yes, that’s better. Now we can see more. Nancy, there are some steps here. Watch it.

Nancy: !!!

Harold: What’s the matter, Nancy? Did you hear something?

Nancy: Yes, listen. Did you hear that noise?

Harold: No, I didn’t hear anything. It’s only the wind.

Nancy: There it is again.

Harold: Yes, now I hear something. What is it?

Peter: I think it’s an animal. Yes, it’s a rat. There it goes.

Harold: It’s only a rat. Were you afraid, Nancy?

Nancy: A bit. I don’t like it.

Harold: Be careful, Peter. These steps aren’t safe. Watch it.

Peter: Help!

Harold: Peter, where are you?

Peter: Here, at the bottom of the steps.

Nancy: Oh, dear, are you all right?

Peter: Yes, nothing broken. But look at all these boxes.

Harold: Give me the torch, Nancy, please.

Peter: Look. Small packets with white powder.

Nancy: Drugs!

Peter: Do you remember that news about drug smuggling on the south coast?

Harold: That’s it. These are the stolen drugs. We must tell the police.

Nancy: But there’s no telephone here.

Peter: Of course not. But they’ve got a telephone at the farm.

Harold: Peter, you must run to the farm and call the police. We’ll stay here, and have a look round. All right?

Peter: All right. So long. ...........

Mrs McDonald! Can I use the telephone, please?

Mrs McDonald: It’s in the dining-room near the door. Was there an accident?

Peter: No, we have found the drugs.

Mrs McDonald: The drugs? What drugs?

Peter: The Police. Uncle David. Dial 999. 999

Uncle David: Police station. Sergeant Robinson speaking.

Peter: Hello, is that you, Uncle David? This is Peter.

David: What’s the matter?

Peter: Well, we were in the castle, and I fell into a cellar and then we saw boxes.

David: Boxes?

Peter: Yes, and in those boxes were small packets of drugs.

David: I’ll come at once. Where are you now?

Peter: I’m calling from the McDonald’s farm

David: Wait for me there. I’ll be with you in a few minutes.

Peter: All right.

 

Notes. Forms and Patterns.

 

1. Modal verbs must, have to, should.

(a) Forms

 

(b) Meaning.

•  We use must to express:

(i) obligation: e.g. You must be in at 8 sharp.

(ii) logical deduction: e.g. Tom left at 8; he must be at home by now.

(iii) a strong prohibition (mustn’t): e.g. Children mustn’t play with matches.

• We use should to express duty and advisability:

e.g. You should help the poor.

You shouldn’t tell lies. 

• We use have to to express strong obligation. The obligation comes from «outside» - perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone in authority.

e.g. I have to work at the week-ends.

 

2. Reported Speech.

(a) Meaning.

We use direct speech to state a speaker’s exact words.

We use reported speech to communicate a person’s words to another person.

e.g. ‘I can’t continue’, Oates said.  (direct speech).

Oates said (that) he couldn’t continue.  (reported speech)

 

(b) Reported statements. 

The usual rule is that the verb form moves «one tense back».

Present  → past

e.g. ‘I love you’. → He said he loved me.

‘I’m going out now’. → Ann said she was going out.

Present Perfect → Past Perfect

e.g. ‘We have met before?’ → She said they had met before.

Past Simple  → Past Perfect

e.g. ‘We met in 1997’. → He said they had met in 1997.

Will → would

e.g. ‘I’ll mend it for you’. → She said that she would mend it for me.

Can → could

e.g. ‘I can swim,’ ® She said she could swim.

 

Besides verb changes there are changes of the pronouns and the time advervials.

 

(с) Reported questions.

• The verb form also moves «one tense back».

Present → past

e.g. ‘Do you like school?’ → He asked me if I liked school.

Present Perfect → Past Perfect

e.g. ‘Have you met my wife?’ → He asked if I had met his wife. 

• The word order in the reported question is the same as the statement.

e.g. ‘I was going home.’ → He asked me where I was going.

‘She lived in Rome.’ → I asked her where she lived.

 

subject	+ reporting verb	+ indirect object	+ infinitive
He	told	them	to go away.
He	advised	me	not to tell anyone.

 

3. Articles with Place Names.

 

A. Place names with no article:

continents, most countries, states towns, villages individual islands lakes individual mountains most streets town + buildings

 

 But: 

 

B. Place names with the.

oceans, seas, rivers canals deserts island groups mountain ranges most geographical regions

 

C. Place names with no article or the. 

theatres hotels restaurants

 

Drills

 

Drill 1. he - leave

• Must he leave now? - No, he needn’t leave now. 

1. I - come 2. they - play 3. you - read 4. she answer

5. he - hurry 6. they - go 7. you - pay 8. she decide

9. they - talk 10. I - calculate 11. he - be present 12. they - change the clothes

 

Drill 2. The coat is probably very expensive.

• The coat must be very expensive. 

1. This is probably the book Charles wants.

2. She’s probably very tired after the journey.

3. Ann is probably ready for the journey.

4. It’s probably very nice to be in London now.

5. That is probably the best theatre here.

6. The children are probably very happy now.

7. Your friend is probably over 20.

8. This is probably Mary’s suit-case.

9. Your passport is probably at home.

10. He’s probably an Italian.

 

Drill 3. When must you come home?  (a quarter to nine)

• I must come home at a quarter to nine. 

1. When must I go to school?  (5 minutes past 3)

2. When must Bob telephone you?  (at a quarter past 6)

3. When must mother drive to Brisbane?  (10 minutes past 5)

4. When must your parents be there?  (16.30)

5. When must Margaret type the letter?  (14.20)

6. When must you and your brother play tennis?  (11.25)

7. When must the bus be there?  (14.35)

 

Drill 4. Did you ask the girl?

• No, but I’ll have to ask her. 

1. Did you think about the questions?

2. Did you read the book?

3. Did you see the man?

4. Did you meet their children?

5. Did you know his sister?

 

Drill 5. I’ve got an awful headache.  (take an aspirin)

• I must take an aspirin.

1. My watch is broken.   (take it to be repaired)

2. My car is very dirty.   (wash it)

3. I’ve got a terrible cold and a cough.  (go to the doctor’s)

4. I’m getting too fat.   (lose weight)

5. I’ve got an awful toothache.   (go to the dentist’s)

6. I smoke too many cigarettes.   (stop smoking)

7. I’ve got a pile of unpaid bills.   (pay them)

8. I’ve written three important letters.  (post them immediately)

9. My hair’s too long.   (have it cut)

10. The kitchen is in a mess.  (tidy it up)

 

Drill 6. Do we have to read this article for today?  (No, for tomorrow)

• No, we have to read it for tomorrow. 

1. Do you have to go shopping in the afternoon?  (No, right now)

2. Do they have to work in the lab now?  (No, from one till two)

3. Do you have to take this medicine once a day?  (No, three times a day)

4. Does she have to meet her little sister after school?  (No, after the theatre)

5. Does Peter have to ring you up in the morning?  (No, in the evening)

6. Do they have to write a dictation tomorrow?  (No, today)

7. Do we have to come here at seven?  (No, at eight)

8. Do they have to start the experiment now?  (No, tomorrow morning)

 

Drill 7. Mrs. Brown is not well.  (see a doctor)

• She should see a doctor. 

1. John is so untidy.   (be neater)

2. Mary is so selfish.  (help her relatives)

3. Mr. Brown isn’t punctual.  (come on time)

4. Your friend is very rude.  (be more polite)

5. Jane is so extravagant.  (spend less on clothes)

6. Grandfather is so forgetful.  (write down telephone messages)

7. The boys are idle too often.  (study more)

8. Your friend works too much.  (have a rest)

 

Drill  8. Don’t drink this medicine now.  (in an hour)

• You should drink it in an hour. 

1. Don’t order a taxi now.  (in the afternoon)

2. Don’t wash your dog now.  (when you come back)

3. Don’t take off your coat now.  (when it gets warmer)

4. Don’t cross the road now.  (when there is no traffic)

5. Don’t speak to him now.  (when he isn’t so busy)

6. Don’t write in pencil.  (in ink)

7. Don’t copy the text here.  (at home)

8. Don’t wake him up now.  (in half an hour)

 

Drill 9. Steve drives too fast.

• He shouldn’t drive so fast. 

1. Liz spends too much money. 2. Zed talks too much. 3. Jenny works too hard.

4. Young people get married too early. 5. Steve smokes too much.

 

Drill 10. There is a house where several things are in the wrong rooms. Where should they be?

e.g. The fridge is in the bathroom. (kitchen)

• The fridge shouldn’t be in the bathroom. It should be in the kitchen. 

1. The washing machine is in the attic.  (kitchen)

2. The dishwasher is in the bedroom.  (kitchen)

3. The dining table is in the bedroom.  (living room)

4. The bed is in the study.  (bedroom)

5. The typewriter is in the bathroom.  (study)

6. The telephone is in the bathroom.  (hall or living room)

7. The wardrobe is in the living room.  (bedroom)

8. The saucepans are in the living room.  (kitchen)

9. The cooker is in the hall.  (kitchen)

10. The sofa is in the hall.  (living room)

11. The bicycle is in the kitchen.  (garage)

12. The television is in the kitchen.  (living room)

13. The armchair is in the garage.  (living room)

14. The pictures are in the garage.  (living room)

 

Drill 11. «I’m going out.» - What does she say?

• She says (that) she’s going out. 

1. «We’ll be here on time.» - What does she say?

2. «I have lost my money.» - What does she say?

3. «I go to the reading-hall every other day.» - What does she say?

4. «I went there with a friend of mine.» - What does she say?

5. «I’m going to the theatre with my cousin.» - What does she say?

6. «I had read Hamlet in English before I went to see it.» - What does she say?

7. «This book is still up-to-date.» - What does she say?

8. «I like apples better than oranges.» - What does she say?

 

Drill 12. «My train leaves at 5 sharp.» - What did he say?

• He said that his train left at 5 sharp.

What did he tell you?

• He told me that his train left at 5 sharp. 

1. «My friend is waiting outside.»

2. «I know these two girls quite well.»

3. «We’re reading Oliver Twist this term.»

4. «Helen’s husband isn’t an engineer.»

5. «We don’t remember where Bob lives.»

6. «I’ve got two sisters besides Mary.»

7. «I’m only 18.»

8. «We’re going on an excursion to the BritishMuseum.»

 

Drill 13. «I met him last year.» - What did he say?

• He said that he had met him the previous year.

What did he tell you?

• He told me that he had met him the previous year. 

1. «I’ve been ill for a fortnight.»

2. «You came too late.»

3. «We’ve been shopping all the morning.»

4. «I had no time to look through the magazines.»

5. «The Emmonds have been living here since 1978.»

6. «I’ve read half the book already.»

7. «My brother didn’t go fishing yesterday.»

8. «We ate some four hours ago.» 

 

Vocabulary and Comprehension Exercises

 

Exercise 1.  (Text 1)  Answer the following questions. 

1. Why did Kate think that the person at the door was the postman?
2. Who was the parcel for?
3. Why did Kate think it might be from their grandmother?
4. How did Andy know it wasn’t from her?
5. Why did Kate think it could be from Cindy?
6. Why did Kate think it might be chocolates?
7. What was in the box?

 

Exercise 2.  (Text 2)  Answer the following questions. 

1. What must you wear when you go out in Thailand?
2. Where can’t you flush the toilet after 10 p.m.?
3. Where can’t women drive cars?
4. Where mustn’t you stick a stamp upside down on an envelope?
5. Where can’t you walk down the street with your laces undone?
6. What do you have to get if you want to paint your house in Sweden?
7. Where can you only have one child?
8. What can’t men wear in Italy?
9. Where do men have to grow beards?
10. When can’t you laugh at these laws in Hawaii?

 

Exercise 3.  (Text 3)  Answer the following questions. 

1. When did Scott and Amundsen start their journeys?
2. Was Scott’s use of motor sledges and ponies a success?
3. Who travelled more quickly?
4. Did Scott’s expedition have a celebration when they got to the pole?
5. Did Scott and his companions survive the return journey?
6. Where was Scott’s diary found?
7. Why was it difficult for Oates to continue the journey?
8. What did Oates ask them to do?
9. Did Oates get better that night?
10. What was weather like?
11. What did Oates do?
12. Did he come back?
13. Did Scott and his companions think they were going to get back safely?
14. What news shocked the world?
15. What made Captain Scott and his men into heroes? 

 

Exercise 4.  (Text 5.  Dialogue)   Answer the questions. 

1. What was the noise that Nancy hears? What animal is it?
2. Was Nancy afraid?
3. Were the steps safe?
4. What did Peter find in the cellar?
5. Where did Peter go and why?
6. Where did Peter phone?
7. Whom did he speak to?

 

Exercise 5. Dictation-translation.

A.	1. Как-то утром в дверь позвонили. 2. Это, должно быть, почтальон. 3. Возможно, это от бабушки. Она часто присылает нам посылки. 4. Этого не может быть. Это из Голландии. 5. Мама не будет возражать, если мы откроем ее.
B.	1. В Таиланде на вас должна быть рубашка, если вы ведете машину. 2. В Швейцарии вы не должны мыть машину, косить лужайку или вывешивать сушить одежду в воскресенье. 3. В Сингапуре законом запрещается жевать жвачку или бросать мусор. Вы не должны курить в общественных местах. 4. В Кентукки, США, вам запрещается выходить замуж за одного и того же человека больше трех раз. 5. В Италии мужчинам запрещается носить юбки.
C.	1. В 1910 году 1 июня капитан Скотт уехал из Лондона, чтобы отправиться в экспедицию в Антарктиду. 2. Началась гонка на Южный полюс. 3. Амундсен отправился первым, 15 октября 1911. 4. Он двигался быстро. 5. Скотт и его люди должны были толкать сани сами. 6. Скотт достиг Южного полюса вместе со своими четырьмя товарищами 17 января. 7. Новость о гибели Скотта потрясла мир.

 

Grammar Exercises

 

Exercise 1. Put the following sentences: a) in the negative; b) in the interrogative.     

1. I must get there before eight.
2. You will have to come again.
3. They must leave before dinner.
4. She must wash up all the glasses.
5. We had to change our shoes.
6. You’ll have to pay him in advance.
7. Our teacher must write it on the blackboard.
8. We had to finish it by today.
9. You must answer at once.
10. I had to read it aloud.

 

Exercise 2. Put disjunctive questions to the following sentences. 

1. We must write to her at once.

2. The man has to return the documents.

3. You don’t have to paint the doors green.

4. I must help Mary to cook dinner.

5. They must tell their friends about the plan.

6. They have to prepare it for Sunday.

7. We don’t have to take umbrellas.

8. Mary has to wait for the teacher.

 

Exercise 3. Make the following sentences refer to the past. 

1. You must do it at once.
2. He mustn’t tell me.
3. She has to wash the glasses.
4. You’ll have to read it again.
5. They must sell it at once.
6. We shall have to leave in the morning.
7. I must work as hard as I can.
8. I shall have to come again.
9. They must change their shoes.
10. We have to begin before 5 o’clock
11. He mustn’t read the whole book.
12. He has to go home early.

 

Exercise 4. Change the sentences below so that they contain must.

e.g. She is evidently in London.

• She must be in London.

1. Surely, you are mistaken.
2. She is likely to be in the library.
3. I’m sure she is right.
4. It is necessary for me to go down and arrange things.
5. Probably he knows this man.
6. Of course, she will help you.
7. There is little doubt that the first experiment will be of great importance.
8. No doubt she is a talented person.
9. Evidently she does not know the rule.
10. It is most probable that they are at school.

 

Exercise 5. Change the sentences below using must.

e.g. Pat is crazy if she wants to marry him.

• Yes,Pat must be crazy if she wants to marry him.

I’m sure he is over 60 years old.

• Yes, he must be 60 years old.

1. But I think he is a millionaire, isn’t he?
2. John keeps buying Mary presents. I suppose he is in love with her.
3. But he didn’t buy her anything this week. I think he is broke again.
4. Mary didn’t answer when I phoned just now.I suppose she is away for the day.
5. She’s not with John or Peter. I expect she is with that man again.
6. He’s a terrible person. I suppose she likes him for his money.

 

Exercise 6. In national parks all over the world, you will find signs that show what you mustn’t do.

e.g. (to pick flowers)

• You mustn’t pick the flowers. 

1. collect butterflies or snails
2. drive a car or a motorbike
3. collect stones or rocks
4. catch fish
5. play radios
6. make fires
7. put up tents
8. drop litter
9. pick mushrooms

 

Exercise 7. Supply suitable tenses. (Revision of Tenses) 

1. We (go) to the theatre last night.
2. He usually (write) in green ink.
3. She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night.
4. We (do) an English exercise.   (How many possibilities?)
5. She just (come) in and (see) you in five minutes.
6. I (come) as soon as my work is finished. You (be) ready?
7. Where you (go) for your holidays last year?
8. I (not leave) Paris since we (visit) Dieppe three years ago.
9. My mother (come) to stay with us next weekend.
10. We (meet) only yesterday and already (decide) to get married.
11. Violets (bloom) in the spring.
12. We (not live) in England for the last two years.
13. I (lose) my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) them.
14. I never (forget) what you just (tell) me.
15. They (prepare) the Christmas dinner today.
16. When I last (stay) in Cairo, I (ride) to the Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) the day before.

 

Exercise 8. Rewrite the sentences in indirect speech, changing the tenses.

e.g. John: ‘I’m tired.’

• John said that he was tired.

1. Mr Owens: ‘I remember you.’
2. The postman: ‘There aren’t any letters.’
3. Dick: ‘I have a new car.’
4. Sally: ‘Nobody wants to help me.’
5. Helen: ‘The radio doesn’t work.’
6. John: ‘I will be in Paris in July.’
7. David: ‘I can’t swim.’
8. Alice: ‘My parents are travelling.’
9. Maria; ‘The lessons are very good.’
10. Eric and Sue: ‘We haven’t heard from Joe.’

 

Exercise 9. Read what John thought when he was small. Write his thoughts in indirect speech.

e.g. Animals can talk.

• John thought animals could talk. 

1. Cats have nine lives.
2. My father knows everything.
3. Spaghetti grows on trees.
4. The teacher lives in the school.
5. I will be rich oneday.
6. My mother has always been old.

 

Exercise 10. Joe left home for university. His family gave him lots of advice. Rewrite the sentences in indirect speech.

e.g. His mother: ‘Write every week.’

• His mother told him to write every week. 

1. Grandmother: ‘Don’t forget to brush your teeth.’
2. Girlfriend: ‘Write to me eveyr day.’
3. Mother: ‘Keep your room clean.’
4. Father: ‘Work hard.’
5. Sister: ‘Don’t go to too many parties.’
6. Brother: ‘Get a lot of exercise.’
7. Mother: ‘Change your shirt eveyr day.’
8. Father: ‘Don’t go to bed late.’
9. Brother: ‘Be careful with money.’
10. Sister: ‘Don’t play cards for money.’
11. Grandmother: ‘Eat properly.’

 

Exercise 11. Fill in the or --. 

1. ___ Canberra is the capital of ____ Australia.
2. ____ San Diego is in ____ Southern California.
3. Is ____ Amazon the longest river in ____ Latin America?
4. ____ Jamaica is an island in ____ Caribbean Sea.
5. ____ Snowdon is the highest mountain in ____ England and ____ Wales.
6. ____LakeMichigan is in ____ United States.
7. ____ Gobi desert is in ____ Asia.
8. I could never afford to stay at hotels like ____ Brown’s or ____ Hilton.
9. Karl was born in ____ Bavaria, but now he lives in ____ Ohio.
10. We had an early dinner at ___ Leoni’s and then went to a play at ___ Globe Theatre.

 

Exercise 12. Translate into English.

1. Она должна идти домой пешком? – Нет, я не хочу, чтобы она шла домой пешком. 2. Она, должно быть, очень устала после путешествия. 3. Твой паспорт, должно быть, дома. 4. Когда ты должен быть дома? – Я должен быть дома в 9 часов. 5. У меня ужасная головная боль. Я должен принять аспирин. 6. Он не должен брать книги в твое отсутствие. 7. Дедушка такой забывчивый. Ему следует записывать телефонные сообщения. 8. Он сказал, что его поезд отправляется ровно в 5. 9. Он сказал, что они встречались год назад. 10. Он сказал, что придет вовремя.