ВАРИАНТ II
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
Periclean Athens
For the phenomenon as complex as democracy, its first appearance is remarkably easy to pinpoint: the city-state of Athens in the fifth century B.C. Periclean Athens, named for its most celebrated leader, inspired generations of later political theorists and statesmen. Yet many aspects of Athenian democracy appear strange and unfamiliar to modern eyes.
The central political institution in Athens of the sixth and fifth century B.C. was the Assembly, usually composed of 5,000 to 6,000 members, and open to all adult male citizens. (Women, slaves and foreigners were excluded.) By simple majority vote, the Assembly could decide virtually any domestic issue without any legal restrictions. Trials were conducted by juries of 501 citizens who also decided guilt or innocence by majority vote.
Perhaps most remarkably, the leaders of the Assembly were not elected, but chosen by lot, since Athenians believed that any citizen was capable of holding public office. Not that there were many such offices to fill: generals were elected for one-year terms, but otherwise Periclean Athens lacked any recognizable executive institutions such as president, prime minister, Cabinet or permanent civil service. The weight of decision-making fell almost exclusively upon the citizen-members of the Assembly – a burden of public service that most people today would find unacceptable.
Without constitutional limits, the Athens of Pericles was prone to factionalism and manipulation by shrew or eloquent orators. It was democratic Athens, after all, which condemned to death the philosopher Socrates – thereby earning the undying enmity of Socrates’ most celebrated pupil and fervent antidemocrat, Plato. Despite its enemies and weaknesses, Athenian democracy was no fragile flower. It endured for approximately 200 years – surviving even defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 B.C. at the hands of its archrival, Sparta.
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to pinpoint – определять точное положение
trial – суд
guilt – вина, виновность
innocence – невиновность
lot – жребий
executive – исполнительный
burden – ноша, бремя
to be prone to – быть склонным к
factionalism – фракционность
hrewd [ru:d] – зд. искусный, находчивый
eloquent – красноречивый
to condemn to death – осуждать на смерть
undying – бессмертный
enmity – вражда, неприязнь
fervent – ревностный, ярый
fragile – хрупкий, слабый
endure – длиться
II. Найдите в тексте и запишите английские эквиваленты следующих выражений:
Феномен такой же сложный как демократия; города-государства; его появление; наиболее прославленный руководитель; без конституционных ограничений; искусный и красноречивый оратор; несмотря на; афинская демократия; она длилась приблизительно …; быть склонным к фракционности; признанные исполнительные институты; законные ограничения; ревностный антидемократ.
III. Пользуясь текстом, письменно закончите следующие предложения:
1. Without constitutional limits, the Athens of Pericles … .
2. Despite its enemies and weakness, Athenian democracy … .
3. The weight of decision-making … .
4. Trials were conducted … .
5. The central political institution of Athens of the sixth and fifth century B.C. … .
6. Many aspects of Athenian democracy … .
7. By simple majority vote, the Assembly could … .
IV. Напишите вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. The Assembly was the central political institution in Athens. (К подлежащему)
2. The Assembly was usually composed of 5.000 to 6.000 members. (Альтернативный)
3. The Assembly could decide virtually any domestic issue without any legal restriction. (How …?)
4. The leaders of the Assembly were not elected, since the Athenians believed that any citizen was capable of holding public office. (Разделительный)
5. Periclean Athens lacked any recognizable executive institutions such as president prime minister, Cabinet or permanent civil service. (Общий)
V. Напишите по-английски:
7 ноября 1990 года, 1325543 книги, первый автобус, менее 1000 страниц.
VI. Заполните пропуски возвратными местоимениями, подходящими по смыслу.
1. We may ask …..: “Does Polybius in fact offer a satisfactory answer to the question he has raised?”
2. It is clear from the extant work of Herodotus that he has devoted ….. to the literary life.
3. The film ….. wasn’t very good but I liked the music.
4. If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to defend ….. .
VII. Употребите глаголы в скобках в нужном времени.
1. She said it (present) to one of her ancestors by the artist.
2. We (read) this book by the time the director returns.
3. He (bring up) by an aunt.
4. We (be) at the library today after classes.
5. I (speak) to the engineer before I read the article about him in the newspaper.
6. Something important (announce) over the radio. Do you hear?
7. I (make) my report when you entered the hall.
VIII. Поставьте сказуемые придаточного предложения в нужной форме, учитывая правила согласования времен. Предложения переведите.
1. Prince Nevsky knew how the knights usually (conduct) their battle.
2. It was said that he (live) in a gold castle, (sleep) in a gold bed and (to eat) from gold plates.
3. He said that in two years and five months he (to conquer) the capital of the “Aztec Empire”.
4. Pompey realized that it (be) too late for him to enter the city captured by his opponent.
5. The Dean of the History Faculty expressed hope that we (attend) all the lectures, tutorials and seminars.
IX. Переведите следующие предложения из прямой речи в косвенную.
1. Rachel said: “I work for a small publishing company.”
2. He said: “I’m studying Spanish in the evenings.”
3. She said: “I haven’t had lunch with my friend for ages.”
4. He asked me: “What is your new house like?”
5. He advised her: “Don’t go near the water.”
X. Употребите правильную форму глагола в придаточных предложениях времени и условия. Предложения переведите.
1. We’ll support them till they (find) work.
2. According to the weather forecast, it will be raining when we (set out) tomorrow.
3. Bill (take) a message if you phone while I’m out.
4. You will fail your exams unless you (work) harder.
5. When you return home you (see) a lot of changes.
XI. Подчеркните инфинитивные обороты в следующих предложениях, укажите их вид. Предложения переведите.
Образец: I expect him to help me. him to help – объектный инфинитивный оборот.
Я ожидаю, что он поможет мне.
1. The car was reported to have been stolen.
2. Could you arrange for a taxi to collect us?
3. I asked her to explain.
4. We appear to have lost our way.
5. He advised George to ring the police.
Test 2
Опровергните следующие утверждения или согласитесь с ними.
Начните свое высказывание следующими выражениями:
You are quite right… You are mistaken… Quite agree with you… On the contrary.
1. Periclean Athens, named for its most celebrated emperor, inspired generations of later political theorists and statesmen.
2. No aspects of Athenian democracy appear strange and unfamiliar to modern eyes.
3. Trials were conducted by the emperor and his officials who also decided guilt or innocence.
4. The leaders of the Assembly were not elected but chosen by lot.
5. The weight of decision-making fell almost exclusively upon the Emperor.