ВАРИАНТ III
I. Вставьте артикли a/anили the там, где необходимо.
1. If one sails from ….. Britain to ….. Denmark, he crosses ….. North Sea.
2. We live in ….. old house near ….. station. It's two miles from ….. centre.
3. What is ….. name of …… director of …… film we saw ….. last night?
4. When I finish my studies, I'm going to ….. United States for a year.
5. Enjoy ….. holiday and don't forget to send me ….. postcard.
II. Поставьте прилагательные и наречия в нужной степени сравнения.
1. The (difficult) thing about learning English is grammar.
2. He answered all the questions (easily) than his groupmate.
3. You would write (good) if you had a (good) pen.
4. We have had not so (much) rain this month as we had last month.
5. He has the (little) knowledge of the subject of all the students.
III. В каждом из следующих предложений есть одна ошибка. Найдите и исправьте ее.
Образец: They are foreign visitors in our office – There are foreign visitors in our office.
1. Where you went for your last holiday?
2. There was only a few people at the meeting.
3. The Queen’s the most rich woman in the world.
4. Was very hot when we came to Rome.
5. First we finished our homework than we went to the pub.
IV. Выберите нужную форму местоимений.
1. Both (their, theirs) brothers live there.
2. Don’t hurt (yourself, yourselves) colleagues!
3. He lives in (that, those) house.
4. To (whom, whose) did you show the cable?
5. I don’t know (which, what) of them speaks Italian.
V. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужном времени. Переведите предложения на родной язык.
1. I (see) Peter yesterday.
2. I (be) to many countries in my life.
3. I (study) French for two years.
4. I (wait) for you at five p.m. tomorrow.
5. He not (see) me as he (read) when I (come) into the room.
VI. Сформулируйте вопросы, ответами на которые являются следующие предложения.
1. This enterprise had fulfilled the plan by 20th October.
2. The agent must advise the buyers of the arrival of the steamer.
3. As the buyers had not opened a letter of credit, we could not ship the merchandize.
4. The shipowners telegraphed to the charterers that the ship was being repaired at Genoa.
5. The contract will be checked by the legal adviser.
VII. Употребите инфинитив с частицей toили без нее.
1. A lady from a travel agency helped us (choose) a nice house.
2. Don’t let us (waste) time. There are a hundred things (be done).
3. Mary felt herself (grow) red to the tips of her toes.
4. Last year we managed (find) a holiday that suited everyone.
5. When she was a child I was made (practice) the piano every day.
VIII. Употребите соответствующую форму герундия.
1. Thank you for (bring) such pleasant news.
2. The manager was interested in their (distribute) the commodities in due course.
3. In the event of the steamer (order) to three ports of discharge, the rate of freight will be increased by one shilling per ton.
4. After the contract clauses (study) thoroughly, overseas associates were invited to a restaurant to have dinner.
5. If more than one shipment (make), each shipment is to be considered a separate contract.
IX. Употребите герундий или инфинитив.
1. She continued (talk) during the whole meal.
2. I want (see) a film on TV this evening.
3. Do you mind (shut) the window? It’s cold in here.
4. I suggested (transport) the commodities by sea.
5. He keeps (ask) me the time and I keep (make) him (buy) a new watch.
X. В условных предложениях поставьте глаголы в нужной форме.
1. Our children and grandchildren (suffer) if we not (look) after our planet.
2. You (learn) German more easily if you (study) a little every day.
3. If I (be) him, I (refuse) that position in the company.
4. Should we (need) such goods we (write) to you again.
5. In case the port of loading or discharge (be) inaccessible owing to ice, the vessel (proceed) to the nearest safe and accessible port.
XI. Прямую речь в скобках преобразуйте в косвенную.
1. She asked….. («Does he always come so late?»).
2. I asked him ….. («When will you open the letter of credit?»).
3. I asked the agent ….. («Have you found a boat suitable for the cargo we sold last week?»).
4. I said to him ….. («Send me a cable when the steamer arrives in Minsk»).
5. I said to him ….. («Don't sell these commodities before you receive my telegram»).
XII. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его. Напишите на английском языке аннотацию прочитанного.
Global Co Strategy
Visit any western toy superstore, and most of the basic products will say “Made in China”, or perhaps, Malaysia or Indonesia. Until, that is, you reach the Lego section. Suddenly, the boxes are more likely to identify Denmark, Switzerland or the US as the country of origin.
It might seem logical that a global company, selling into a multitude of country markets and measuring its market share in global termsowned Danish company, has for years concentrated its manufacturing in Europe and the US, arguing that this best satisfies design and quality requirements. For Lego the notion of cost is only a small part of the production picture.
So how does a global company go about organizing its manufacturing network? The decision has become more complicated over decades due to a number of factors. On the one hand, trade barriers across much of the world have declined sharply. Simultaneously, a range of new markets – notably in Asia and Eastern Europe has opened to foreign investment.
This has made global production much more possible. But it has also reduced the need for many overseas plants. Markets that previously demanded local production facilities – because tariff levels made importing far too expensive – can now be supplied from other countries.
Plainly, in this newly-liberalised environment, basic manufacturing costs do become more significant. But there are limits to a purely cost-driven approach. Many companies have built their current production structure through acquisitions over a number of years, rather than in a planned way.
Another problem is that costs themselves can be subject to rapid change, making today’s Indonesia, for example, tomorrow’s Hong Kong. This adds a further dimension to any global company’s investment decision-making. The reality is that manufacturing businesses also need to think: how quickly can we pull the plug?
Some companies have addressed this issue through what is called the “part configuration” model. This involves selecting a number of regional manufacturing bases which are viewed as longer-term investments, and augmenting them with lower-skilled assembly plants, which can more easily be moved between markets. The availability of suitable employees also needs to be examined when investment decisions are being made. There may be close links between manufacturing and product innovation and if too much focus is put on low-cost assembly operations, product innovation tends to suffer.
Perhaps the hottest topic is whether a global company needs to be a producer at all. Outsourcing of production to other suppliers gives a company more flexibility, and fits well with a global strategy. A business may be better placed to supply differentiated products into different regional markets, and it can probably adjust more swiftly to changing cost considerations. These operational advantages come in addition to the financial benefits of outsourcing, such as lower capital employed.
But there can be pitfalls. Perhaps no company exemplifies the outsourcing trend better than Nike, the sports shoe group. On paper, its strategy of subcontracting the production of its shoes to local factories looks eminently sensible. But these arrangements have turned into a public relations disaster in recent years, as human rights have complained of “sweatshop” conditions in many of the Asian plants producing Nike products. Lack of ownership, it seems, does not bring freedom from responsibility.