ВАРИАНТ II
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите I и II абзацы текста.
Libraries of Ancient Times
When was the first library established? Only a hundred years ago the two Egyptian libraries which were mentioned by the Greek historian Diodorus (1st century B.C.) were looked upon as the earliest examples of such institutions, if indeed, they were not fabulous. Now we have indisputable evidence of libraries at a much earlier date.
In 1850 the famous English archaeologist Layard, being then engaged in unearthing Assurbanipal’s palace (VIIc. B.C.), came across several chambers containing a great number of records – decrees of Assyrian kings, accounts of wars, works on astronomy – as well as dictionaries and text-books. Having deciphered the tablets, the philologist had good reason to believe that the library had been extensively used. It had a kind of catalogue and a systematic arrangement of shelves. Four decades later, while excavating an ancient Babylonian site, archaeologists exposed a series of rooms. And there, stored neatly upon shelves were some 25.000 clay tablets, part of an ancient temple library. The library existed in the third millenium B.C. and was adjunct to the temple school. Judging by its careful arrangement under separate subjects and on separate shelves, the students could enjoy the used of a good library of reference.
The greatest library of the ancient world grew up in Alexandria in Egypt in the 3rd century B.C. It consisted of two large collections. The larger and more famous one was housed in a school which was modelled after Aristotle’s Academy in Athens. The smaller collection was placed in a temple of an Egyptian god. At the height, around 200 B.C., the collections contained several hundred thousand rolls. Being connected with a number of outstanding names in Greek literature, the Alexandrian library was the greatest centre of culture in the ancient world.
The ultimate fate of the library is almost uncertain as are the names of the librarians. Apparently at least part of the larger collection was burnt in the fighting between the Egyptians and Romans around 43 B.C. Having later been complemented by the collection of other ancient libraries, the library in Alexandria came into world prominence again. But in 391 A.D. the library was burnt by the order of one of the Christian emperors.
Proper Names: Diodorus [,dai'’do:r's], Assurbanipal [,eisur’ba:nipa:l],Aristotle [‘æristotl],Layard [lε'd].
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fabulous – мифический
indisputable – неоспоримый, бесспорный
evidence – доказательство
chamber – зд. комната
to decipher [di’saif'] – расшифровать
adjunct – зд. дополнение
reference – справка, ссылка
ultimate – окончательно
to complement – дополнять
II. Найдите в тексте и запишите:
a) слова, синонимичные следующим: samples, consist, proof, to add, to unearth, manuscripts, unearthing, battle;
b) слова, противоположные по значению: disputable, earlier date, war, cipher, unextensively, being separated.
c) английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:
рассматриваться; неоспоримое доказательство; наталкиваться; иметь достаточно оснований, чтобы считать; широко использоваться; древняя библиотека храма; справочная библиотека; размещаться, располагаться; собрание книг, рукописей; занимать видное положение.
III. Составьте и запишите предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.
Предложения переведите на родной язык.
1. Now we have indisputable evidence of ….. .
2. While excavating an ancient Babylonian site ….. .
3. Having later been complemented by the collection of ….. .
4. The larger and more famous one was housed in ….. .
5. Part of the larger collection was burnt in the fighting between ….. .
____________________________
a) other ancient libraries, the library in Alexandria came into world prominence again;
b) a school which was modelled after Aristotle is Academy in Athens;
c) libraries at a much earlier date;
d) the Egyptians and Romans around 43 B.C.;
e) archaeologists exposed a series of rooms.
IV. Пользуясь текстом, ответьте письменно на вопросы.
1. What library is considered to be the earliest example of this institution?
2. What makes the historians think that the rooms excavated by Layard contained a library?
3. From what sources do we know about the two ancient Egyptian libraries?
4. When and why was the Alexandrian library damaged?
5. What was the larger collection in Alexandria modelled after?
6. Why was the Alexandrian library the greatest centre of culture in the ancient world?
V. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужной видо-временной форме в действительном или страдательном залоге. Предложения переведите.
1. Papers (deliver) usually at 8 in the morning, they (look through) at the moment.
2. I wondered what he (do) since we last met?
3. The old motorway (use) by many people, but it’s not very convenient, that’s why a new ring-road (build) in the city.
4. You (hear) from Jane lately? – Yes, I (get) a message from him last night.
5. I (stay) with Mother if you (go) and (telephone) the doctor.
VI. Определите форму причастий. Предложения переведите. Образец:
The man smoking a cigarette is my brother.
smoking – Participle I Simple Active
Человек, курящий папиросу, мой брат.
1. The question being considered is of great interest.
2. Having discussed all the issues the delegates went home..
3. People borrowing books from the library must return them on time.
4. Having been discussed and corrected the bill was given the second reading.
5. The bridge being built across this river will be very long.
VII. Выберите и переведите на родной язык предложения:
А. C независимым причастным оборотом.
1. The weather being awful, I stayed at home and heard the rain beating on the windows.
2. She sat silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground.
3. While doing her homework, Sue was interrupted several times.
B. C причастием II.
1. When asked about it, he refused to answer.
2. The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite bank.
3. No Olympic Games can start without the Olympic Flame, the sacred fire brought from the temple in Olympia.
VIII. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие слова с окончанием -ed. Определите, какой грамматической формой они являются. Образец:
The race to colonise the world was intensified by the close of the 19th century.
intensified – Participle II
IX. Определите форму герундия. Предложения переведите. Образец:
I saw no other way of doing it.
doing – Gerund Simple Active
Я не видел другого способа сделать это.
1. On seeing her parents the girl laughed.
2. He finished speaking and sat down.
3. He mentioned having read it in the paper.
4. My little son likes being read to.
X. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие слова с окончанием -ing. Определите, какой грамматической формой они являются. Образец:
The demonstrators passed by the palace shouting slogans.
shouting – причастие I
XI. Определите тип условных предложений. Предложения переведите.
1. If I weren’t so busy, I would do it for you.
2. If he had realized that, he would have run away.
3. If you asked Heather she would probably give you a lift.
4. I should keep out of Bernadette’s way if I were you.
5. If I had gone to the party last night, I would have met lots of people.
Test 2
Опровергните следующие утверждения или согласитесь с ними.
Начните свое высказывание следующими выражениями:
You are quite right… You are mistaken… Quite agree with you… On the contrary.
1. In 1850 the famous English archaeologist Layard came across several chambers containing a great number of records as well as dictionaries and text-books.
2. The library existed in the first millenium B.C. and was adjunct to the temple school.
3. The greatest library of the ancient world grew up in AthensGreece in the 3rd century B.C.
4. Being connected with a number of outstanding names in world letaruture, the Alexandrian library was the greatest centre of culture in the ancient world.
5. The ultimate fate of the library is well-known as well as are the names of the librarians.